摘要
Chapter 7 Feeding the Healthy Dog and Cat Andrea J. Fascetti, Andrea J. FascettiSearch for more papers by this authorSean J. Delaney, Sean J. DelaneySearch for more papers by this author Andrea J. Fascetti, Andrea J. FascettiSearch for more papers by this authorSean J. Delaney, Sean J. DelaneySearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Andrea J. Fascetti VMD, PhD, Andrea J. Fascetti VMD, PhD Diplomate ACVIM (Nutrition and Small Animal Internal Medicine) Board-Certified Veterinary Nutritionist® Professor of Nutrition Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USASearch for more papers by this authorSean J. Delaney BS, DVM, MS, Sean J. Delaney BS, DVM, MS Diplomate ACVIM (Nutrition) Board-Certified Veterinary Nutritionist® Founder Balance It®, A DBA of Davis Veterinary Medical Consulting, Inc., Davis, CA, USASearch for more papers by this authorJennifer A. Larsen DVM, MS, PhD, Jennifer A. Larsen DVM, MS, PhD Diplomate ACVIM (Nutrition) Board-Certified Veterinary Nutritionist® Professor of Clinical Nutrition Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USASearch for more papers by this authorCecilia Villaverde BVSc, PhD, Cecilia Villaverde BVSc, PhD Diplomate ACVIM (Nutrition) Board-Certified Veterinary Nutritionist® Diplomate ECVCN EBVS®, European Specialist in Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition Consultant Expert Pet Nutrition, Fermoy, County Cork, IrelandSearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 August 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119375241.ch7 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary Healthy animals normally eat sufficient food to satisfy their energy requirements. Free-choice feeding may be advantageous for animals who tend to consume small multiple meals, or for picky or slow eaters that cannot consume enough calories in one meal. Many pet foods provide guidelines on the product label, and these can be used as a starting point. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began releasing statements in 2007 to caution owners about the potential association of chicken jerky treat consumption and the development of renal disease and Fanconi syndrome. Practitioners who suspect Fanconi syndrome in one of their patients associated with jerky treat consumption are encouraged to contact the FDA to report their case and suggest that the client stop feeding the jerky treat. Regardless of life stage, all dogs and cats should be fed to maintain a lean body condition. References Allen , T. and Roudebush , P. ( 1990 ). Canine geriatric nephrology . Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 12 ( 7 ): 909 – 917 . Anantharaman-Barr , H.G. , Gicquello , P. , and Rabot , P. ( 1991 ). The effect of age on digestibility of macronutrients and energy in the cat " (abstract). In: Proceedings of the British Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress , 164 . Araujo , J.A. , Studzinski , C.M. , Head , E. et al. ( 2005 ). Assessment of nutritional interventions for modification of age-associated cognitive decline using a canine model of human aging . Age 27 : 27 – 37 . Bebiak , D.M. , Lawler , D.F. , and Reutzel , L.F. ( 1987 ). Nutrition and management of the dog . Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 17 : 505 – 533 . Biourge , V.C. , Groff , J.M. , Munn , R.J. et al. ( 1994 ). Experimental induction of hepatic lipidosis in cats . Am. J. Vet. Res. 55 : 1291 – 1302 . Bovee , K.C. , Joyce , T. , Reynolds , R. , and Segel , S. ( 1978 ). Spontaneous Fanconi syndrome in the dog . Metabolism 1978 ( 27 ): 45 – 52 . Bradshaw , J.W. ( 2006 ). The evolutionary basis for the feeding behavior of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) . J. Nutr. 136 : 1927S – 1931S . Brown , S.A. ( 1997 ). Kidney function and aging . Proceedings from the Fifteenth Annual Veterinary Medical Forum , Lake Buena Vista, FL (22 May). American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine . Brown , S.A. , Finco , D.R. , Crowell , W.A. et al. ( 1991 ). Dietary protein intake and the glomerular adaptations to partial nephrectomy in dogs . J. Nutr. 121 : S125 – S127 . Buffington , C.A. , Branam , J.E. , and Dunn , G.C. ( 1989 ). Lack of effect of age on digestibility of protein, fat and dry matter in beagle dogs . In: Nutrition of the Dog and Cat (ed. I.H. Burger and J.P.W. Rivers ), 397 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Case , L.P. , Carey , D.P. , and Hirakawa , D.A. ( 1995 ). Feeding management throughout the life cycle . In: Canine and Feline Nutrition (ed. L.P. Case , D. Daristotle , M.G. Hayek and M. Raasch ), 209 – 270 . St. Louis, MO : Mosby-Year Book . Christie , L. , Pop , V. , Landsberg , G.M. et al. ( 2010 ). Cognitive dysfunction in dogs . In: Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (ed. M.S. Hand , C.D. Thatcher , R.L. Remillard , et al.), 715 – 730 . Topeka, KS : Mark Morris Institute . Clutton-Brock , J. ( 1999 ). A Natural History of Domesticated Animals , 2e . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Cole , N.C. , An , R. , Lee , S.-Y. et al. ( 2017 ). Correlates of picky eating and food neophobia in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Nutr. Rev. 75 ( 7 ): 516 – 532 . Costello , M.J. , Morris , J.G. , and Rogers , Q.R. ( 1980 ). Effect of dietary arginine level on urinary orotate and citrate excretion in growing kittens . J. Nutr. 110 : 1204 – 1208 . Cowan , L.A. , Kirk , C.A. , McVey , S. et al. ( 1998 ). Immune status in old vs. young adult cats " (abstract). In: Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Veterinary Medical Forum , 734 . San Diego, CA : American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine . Cowgill , L.D. and Spangler , W.L. ( 1981 ). Renal insufficiency in geriatric dogs . Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 11 : 727 – 749 . Cupp , C. , Perez-Camargo , G. , Patil , A. , and Kerr , W. ( 2004 ). Long-term food consumption and body weight changes in a controlled population of geriatric cats . Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 26 ( Suppl 2A ): 60 . Czarnecki , G.L. and Baker , D.H. ( 1984 ). Urea cycle function in the dog with emphasis on the role of arginine . J. Nutr. 114 : 581 – 590 . Dantas , L.M. , Delgado , M.M. , Johnson , I. et al. ( 2016 ). Food puzzles for cats: feeding for physical and emotional wellbeing . J. Feline Med. Surg. 18 : 723 – 732 . Day , M.J. ( 2010 ). Ageing, immunosenescence and inflammaging in the dog and cat . J. Comp. Pathol. 142 ( Suppl 1 ): S60 – S69 . Debraekeleer , J. , Gross , K.L. , and Zicker , S.C. ( 2010 ). Feeding reproducing dogs . In: Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (ed. M.S. Hand , C.D. Thatcher , R.L. Remillard , et al.), 281 – 294 . Topeka, KS : Mark Morris Institute . Delgado , M. and Dantas , L. ( 2020 ). Feeding cats for optimal mental and behavioral well-being . Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 50 : 939 – 953 . Duch , D.S. , Chow , F.H.C. , Hamar , D.W. et al. ( 1978 ). The effect of castration and body weight on the occurrence of feline urological syndrome . Feline Pract. 8 : 35 – 40 . Eisert , R. ( 2011 ). Hypercarnivory and the brain: protein requirements of cats reconsidered . J. Comp. Physiol. B 181 : 1 – 17 . Elliott , J. , Rawlings , J.M. , Markwell , P.J. et al. ( 2000 ). Survival of cats with naturally occurring chronic renal failure: effect of dietary management . J. Small Anim. Pract. 41 : 235 – 242 . Fahey , G.C. , Barry , K.A. , and Swanson , K.S. ( 2008 ). Age-related changes in nutrient utilization by companion animals . Annu. Rev. Nutr. 28 : 424 – 445 . FDA ( 2018 ). FDA investigates animal illnesses linked to jerky pet treats . https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/NewsEvents/ucm360951.htm (accessed November 11 2021). Fettman , M.J. , Stanton , C.A. , Banks , L.L. et al. ( 1997 ). Effects of neutering on body weight, metabolic rate and glucose tolerance of domestic cats . Res. Vet. Sci. 62 : 131 – 136 . Finke , M.D. ( 1991 ). Evaluation of the energy requirements of adult kennel dogs . J. Nutr. 121 : S22 – S28 . Fleeman , L. , Dobenecker , B. , and Foster , S.F. ( 2021 ). Is glucosuria in dogs fed jerky treats associated with excessive intake of soluble phosphorus? Abstract. 2021 ACVIM Forum research abstract program . J. Vet. Intern. Med. 35 ( 6 ): 2943 – 3079 . Flynn , M.F. , Hardie , E.M. , and Armstrong , P.J. ( 1996 ). Effect of ovariohysterectomy on maintenance energy requirement of cats . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 209 : 1572 – 1581 . Fortney , W.D. ( 2010 ). Declining physiological reserves: defining aging . In: Proceedings from the Companion Animal Nutrition Summit, Focus on Gerontology (26–27 March), 1 – 6 . FL : Clearwater Beach . Goldston , R.T. ( 1989 ). Preface to geriatrics and gerontology . Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 19 ( 1 ): ix – x . Green , A.S. , Ramsey , J.J. , Villaverde , C. et al. ( 2008 ). Cats are able to adapt protein oxidation to protein intake provided their requirement for dietary protein is met . J. Nutr. 138 ( 6 ): 1053 – 1060 . Gross , K.L. , Becvarova , I. , and Debraekeleer , J. ( 2010 ). Feeding nursing and orphaned kittens from birth to weaning . In: Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (ed. M.S. Hand , C.D. Thatcher , R.L. Remillard , et al.), 415 – 427 . Topeka, KS : Mark Morris Institute . Gunn-Moore , D.A. , Moffat , K. , Christie , L.A. et al. ( 2007 ). Cognitive dysfunction and neurobiology of aging cats . J. Small Anim. Pract. 48 : 456 – 553 . Ha , H.Y. , Milner , J.A. , and Corbin , J.E. ( 1978 ). Arginine requirements in immature dogs . J. Nutr. 108 : 203 – 210 . Hannah , S.S. and Laflamme , D.P. ( 1996 ). Effect of dietary protein on nitrogen balance and lean body mass in cats . Vet. Clin. Nutr. 3 : 30 . Harper , E.J. ( 1996 ). The energy requirements of senior cats . Waltham Focus 6 : 32 . Harper , E.J. ( 1997 ). The energy requirements of senior dogs . Waltham Focus 7 : 32 . Harper , E.J. ( 1998a ). Changing perspectives on aging and energy requirements: aging and energy intakes in humans, dogs and cats . J. Nutr. 128 : 2623S – 2626S . Harper , E.J. ( 1998b ). Changing perspectives on aging and energy requirements: aging, body weight and body composition in humans, dogs and cats . J. Nutr. 128 : 2627S – 2631S . Haslewood , G.A. ( 1964 ). The biological significance of chemical differences in bile salts . Biol. Rev. 39 : 537 – 574 . Hayek , M.G. , Massimino , S.P. , Burr , J.R. , and Kearns , R.J. ( 2000 ). Dietary vitamin E improves immune function in cats . In: Recent Advances in Canine and Feline Nutrition (ed. G.A. Reinhart and D.P. Carey ), 555 – 564 . Wilmington, OH : Orange Frazer Press . Hayes , K.C. ( 1988 ). Taurine nutrition . Nutr. Res. Rev. 1 : 99 – 113 . Head , E. ( 2007 ). Combining an antioxidant fortified diet with behavioral enrichment leads to cognitive improvement and reduced brain pathology in aging canines: strategies for healthy aging . Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1114 : 398 – 406 . Hedhammar , A. , Wu , F. , Krook , L. et al. ( 1974 ). Overnutrition and skeletal disease: An experimental study in growing great Dane dogs . Cornell Vet. 64 ( Suppl 5 ): 11 – 160 . Hoskins , J.D. ( 2010 ). Neonatal and pediatric nutrition . In: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ed. S.J. Ettinger and E.C. Feldman ), 666 – 668 . St. Louis, MO : Saunders . Houpt , K.A. and Beaver , B. ( 1981 ). Behavioral problems in geriatric dogs and cats . Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 11 : 643 – 652 . Houpt , K.A. , Coren , B. , Hintz , H.F. et al. ( 1979 ). Effect of sex and reproductive status on sucrose preference, food intake and body weight of dogs . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 174 : 1083 – 1085 . How , K.L. , Hazewinkel , H.A.W. , and Mol , J.A. ( 1994 ). Dietary vitamin D dependence of cat and dog due to inadequate cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 96 : 12 – 18 . How , K.L. , Hazewinkel , H.A.W. , and Mol , J.A. ( 1995 ). Photosynthesis of vitamin D in the skin of dogs, cats, and rats . Vet. Q. 17 ( suppl 1 ): 26 – 29 . Ikeda , M.H. , Tsuji , H. , Nakamura , S. et al. ( 1965 ). Studies on the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides. II. Role of picolinic carboxylase in the biosynthesis of NAD from tryptophan in mammals . J. Biol. Chem. 240 : 1395 – 1401 . Jacob , F. , Polzin , D.J. , Osborne , C.A. et al. ( 2002 ). Clinical evaluation of dietary modification for treatment of spontaneous chronic renal failure in dogs . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 220 : 1163 – 1170 . Kanchuk , M. , Backus , R.C. , Calvert , C.C. et al. ( 2003 ). Weight gain in gonadectomized normal and lipoprotein lipase-deficient male domestic cats results from increased food intake and not decreased energy expenditure . J. Nutr. 133 : 1866 – 1874 . Kane , E. , Rogers , Q.R. , Morris , J.G. et al. ( 1981 ). Feeding behavior of the cat fed laboratory and commercial diets . Nutr. Res. 1 : 499 – 507 . Kealy , R.D. ( 1999 ). Factors influencing lean body mass in aging dogs . Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 21 : 34 – 37 . Kealy , R.D. , Olsson , S.E. , Monti , K.L. et al. ( 1992 ). Effects of limited food consumption on the incidence of hip dysplasia in growing dogs . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 201 : 857 – 863 . Kealy , R. , Lawler , D. , Ballam , J. et al. ( 2002 ). Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 220 ( 9 ): 1315 – 1320 . Kearns , R.J. , Hayek , M.G. , Turek , J.J. et al. ( 2000 ). Effect of age, breed and dietary omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid ratio on immune function, eicosanoid production, and lipid peroxidation in young and aged dogs . Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 69 : 165 – 183 . Kienzle , E. ( 1993 ). Carbohydrate metabolism of the cat 2. Digestion of starch . J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 69 : 102 – 114 . Kienzle , E. and Rainbird , A. ( 1991 ). Maintenance energy requirement of dogs: what is the correct value for the calculation of metabolic body weight in dogs? J. Nutr. 121 ( 11 Suppl ): S39 – S40 . Kienzle , E. , Meyer , H. , and Lohrie , H. ( 1985 ). Effect of differing protein/energy ratios in carbohydrate-free diets for breeding bitches on development and vitality of puppies and milk composition . Adv. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 16 : 73 – 99 . Laflamme , D.P. ( 1997 ). Nutritional management . Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 6 : 1561 – 1579 . Laflamme , D.P. ( 2005 ). Nutrition for aging cats and dogs and the importance of body condition . Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 35 : 713 – 742 . Laflamme , D.P. , Abood , S.K. , Fascetti , A.J. et al. ( 2008 ). Pet feeding practices of dog and cat owners in the United States and Australia . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 232 ( 5 ): 687 – 694 . Lavelle , R. ( 1989 ). The effect of overfeeding of a balanced complete diet to a group of growing Great Danes . In: Nutrition of the Dog and Cat (ed. I.H. Burger and J.P.W. Rivers ), 303 – 315 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Law , T.H. , Davies , E.S. , Pan , Y. et al. ( 2015 ). A randomised trial of a medium-chain TAG diet as treatment for dogs with idiopathic epilepsy . Br. J. Nutr. 114 : 1438 – 1447 . Lawler , D.F. and Monti , K.L. ( 1984 ). Morbidity and mortality in neonatal kittens . Am. J. Vet. Res. 45 : 1455 – 1459 . Legrand-Defretin , V. and Munday , H.S. ( 1993 ). Feeding dogs and cats for life. In: The Waltham Book of Companion Animal Nutrition (ed. I.H. Burger ), 57 – 68 . Oxford : Pergamon Press . Lewis , L.D. , Morris , M.L. Jr. , and Hand , M.S. ( 1987a ). Nutrients . In: Small Animal Clinical Nutrition III , 1-9 – 1-10 . Topeka, KS : Mark Morris Associates . Lewis , L.D. , Morris , M.L. Jr. , and Hand , M.S. ( 1987b ). Dogs—feeding and care . In: Small Animal Clinical Nutrition III , 3-1 – 3-32 . Topeka, KS : Mark Morris Associates . Linde-Forsberg , C. ( 2010 ). Abnormalities in canine pregnancy, parturition, and the periparturient period . In: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ed. S.J. Ettinger and E.C. Feldman ), 1890 – 1901 . St. Louis, MO : Elsevier Saunders . Lloyd , L.E. and McCay , C.M. ( 1954 ). The use of chromic oxide indigestibility and balance studies in dogs . J. Nutr. 53 : 613 – 621 . Lloyd , L.E. and McCay , C.M. ( 1955 ). The utilization of nutrients by dogs of different ages . J. Gerontol. 10 : 182 – 187 . Loveridge , G.G. ( 1986 ). Bodyweight changes and energy intake of cats during gestation and lactation . Ani. Tech. 37 ( 1 ): 7 – 15 . Loveridge , G.G. and Rivers , J.P.W. ( 1989 ). Bodyweight changes and energy intakes of cats during pregnancy and lactation . In: Nutrition of the Dog and Cat (ed. I.H. Burger and J.P.W. Rivers ), 113 – 132 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Lund , E.M. , Armstrong , P.J. , Kirk , C.A. et al. ( 1999 ). Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 214 : 1336 – 1341 . Maher , E.W. and Rush , J. ( 1990 ). Cardiovascular changes in the geriatric dog . Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 12 ( 7 ): 921 – 931 . Markham , R.W. and Hodgkins , E.M. ( 1989 ). Geriatric nutrition . Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 19 : 165 – 185 . Martin , L. , Siliart , B. , Dumon , H. et al. ( 2001 ). Leptin, body fat content and energy expenditure in intact and gonadectomized adult cats: a preliminary study . J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 85 ( 7–8 ): 195 – 199 . Masoro , E.J. ( 1994 ). Energy intake and the aging process . Nutr. MD . 1994. 20 ( 6 ): 1 – 2 . Massimino , S. , Kearns , R.J. , Loos , K.M. et al. ( 2003 ). Effects of age and dietary beta-carotene on immunological variables in dogs . J. Vet. Intern. Med. 17 ( 6 ): 835 – 842 . McMillan , F.D. ( 2013 ). Stress-induced and emotional eating in animals: a review of the experimental evidence and implications for companion animal obesity . J. Vet. Beha. Clin. Appl. 8 : 376 – 385 . Meydani , S.N. and Hayek , M.G. ( 1995 ). Vitamin E and aging immune response . Clin. Geriatr. Med. 11 ( 4 ): 567 – 576 . Meyer , J. and Stadtfeld , G. ( 1980 ). Investigation on the body and organ structure of dogs . In: Nutrition of the Dog and Cat (ed. R.S. Andersen ), 15 – 30 . Oxford : Pergamon Press . Morris , J.G. ( 1999 ). Ineffective vitamin D synthesis in cats is reversed by an inhibitor of 7-dehydrocholosterol-_7-reductase . J. Nutr. 129 : 903 – 908 . Morris , J.G. ( 2002 ). Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations . Nutr. Res. Rev. 15 : 153 – 168 . Morris Animal Foundation ( 1998 ). Animal Health Survey . Denver, CO : Morris Animal Foundation . Morris , J.G. , Trudell , J. , and Pencovic , T. ( 1977 ). Carbohydrate digestion by the domestic cat ( Felis catus ) . Br. J. Nutr. 37 : 365 – 373 . Morton , G.J. , Meek , T.H. , and Schwartz , M.W. ( 2014 ). Neurobiology of food intake in health and disease . Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 15 : 367 – 378 . Moser , E.A. ( 1991 ). Dietetics for geriatric dogs . Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 13 : 1762 – 1765 . Mosier , J.E. ( 1977 ). Nutritional recommendations for gestation and lactation in the dog . Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 7 : 683 – 693 . Munday , H.S. and Earle , K.E. ( 1991 ). Energy requirements of the queen during lactation and kittens from birth to 12 weeks . J. Nutr. 121 : S43 – S44 . Mundt , H.C. ( 1991 ). Nutrition of old dogs . J. Nutr. 121 : S41 – S42 . National Research Council (NRC) ( 2006 ). Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats . Washington, DC : National Academies Press . Neilson , J.C. , Hart , B.L. , Cliff , K.D. et al. ( 2001 ). Prevalence of behavioral changes associated with age-related cognitive impairment in dogs . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 218 : 1787 – 1791 . Nguyen , P.G. , Dumon , H.J. , Siliart , B.S. et al. ( 2004 ). Effects of dietary fat and energy on body weight and composition after gonadectomy in cats . Am. J. Vet. Res. 65 : 1708 – 1713 . Ontko , J.A. and Phillips , P.H. ( 1958 ). Reproduction and lactation studies with bitches fed semipurified diets . J. Nutr. 65 : 211 – 218 . Pan , Y. , Larson , B. , Araujo , A.A. et al. ( 2010 ). Dietary supplementation with medium-chained TAG has long-lasting cognition-enhancing effects in aged dogs . Br. J. Nutr. 103 ( 12 ): 1746 – 1754 . Papasouliotis , K. , Sparkes , A.H. , Gruffydd-Jones , T.T. et al. ( 1996 ). Breath hydrogen assessment of orocaecal transit time in cats: the effect of age . In: Proceedings from the Fourteenth Annual Veterinary Medical Forum , 775 . San Antonio, TX : American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine . Park , T. , Rogers , Q.R. , and Morris , J.G. ( 1999 ). High dietary protein and taurine increase cysteine desulfhydration in kittens . J. Nutr. 129 : 2225 – 2230 . Patil , A.R. and Cupp , C.J. ( 2010 ). Addressing age-related changes in feline digestion . In: Companion Animal Nutrition Summit, Focus on Gerontology , (26–27 March), 55 – 61 . FL : Clearwater Beach . Peachey , S.E. , Dawson , J.M. , and Harper , E.J. ( 1999 ). The effect of ageing on nutrient digestibility by cats fed beef tallow-, sunflower oil- or olive oil-enriched diets . Growth Dev. Aging 63 ( 1–2 ): 61 – 70 . Peachey , S.E. , Dawson , J.M. , and Harper , E.J. ( 2000 ). Gastrointestinal transit times in young and old cats . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 126 ( 1 ): 85 – 90 . Perez-Camargo , G. ( 2004 ). Cat nutrition: What's new in the old? Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 26 ( Suppl 2A ): 60 . Perez-Camargo , G. ( 2010 ). Feline decline in key physiological reserves has implications for mortality . In: Companion Animal Nutrition Summit, Focus on Gerontology , (26–27 March), 5 – 11 . FL : Clearwater Beach . Rinaudo , P. and Wang , E. ( 2012 ). Fetal programming and metabolic syndrome . Annu. Rev. Physiol. 74 : 107 – 130 . Rogers , Q.R. and Morris , J.G. ( 1980 ). Why does the cat require a high protein diet? In: Nutrition of the Dog and Cat (ed. R.S. Anderson ), 45 – 66 . Oxford : Pergamon Press . Rogers , Q.R. and Phang , J.M. ( 1985 ). Deficiency of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase in the intestinal mucosa of the cat . J. Nutr. 115 : 146 – 150 . Rogers , Q.R. , Morris , J.G. , and Freedland , R.A. ( 1977 ). Lack of hepatic enzymatic adaptation to low and high levels of dietary protein in the adult cat . Enzyme 22 : 348 – 356 . Romsos , D.R. , Palmer , H.J. , Muiruri , K.L. et al. ( 1981 ). Influence of a low carbohydrate diet on performance of pregnant and lactating dogs . J. Nutr. 111 : 678 – 689 . Root , M. ( 1995 ). Early spay-neuter in the cat . Vet. Clin. Nutr. 2 : 132 – 134 . Scarlett , J.M. and Donoghue , S. ( 1998 ). Associations between body condition and disease in cats . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 212 ( 11 ): 1725 – 1731 . Schauf , S. , Coltherd , J.C. , Atwal , J. et al. ( 2021 ). Clinical progression of cats with early-stage chronic kidney disease fed diets with varying protein and phosphorus contents and calcium to phosphorus ratios . J. Vet. Intern. Med. 35 ( 6 ): 2797 – 2811 . Schroeder , G.E. and Smith , G.A. ( 1994 ). Food intake and growth of German shepherd puppies . J. Small Anim. Pract. 35 : 587 – 591 . Sheffy , B.E. , Williams , A.J. , Zimmer , J.F. et al. ( 1985 ). Nutrition and metabolism of the geriatric dog . Cornell Vet. 75 : 324 – 347 . Speakman , J.R. , van Acker , A. , and Harper , E.J. ( 2003 ). Age-related changes in the metabolism and body composition of three dog breeds and their relationship to life expectancy . Aging Cell 5 : 265 – 275 . Stella , J.L. , Lord , L.K. , and Buffington , C.A. ( 2011 ). Sickness behaviors in response to unusual external events in healthy cats and cats with feline interstitial cystitis . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 238 : 67 – 73 . Stratton-Phelps , M. ( 1999 ). AAFP and AFM panel report of feline senior health care . Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 21 : 531 – 539 . Sudadolnik , R.J. , Stevens , C.O. , Dechner , R.H. et al. ( 1957 ). Species variation in the metabolism of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to pyridinecarboxylic acids . J. Biol. Chem. 228 : 973 – 982 . Taylor , E.J. , Adams , C. , and Neville , R. ( 1995 ). Some nutritional aspects of aging in dogs and cats . In: Proc. Nutr. Soc ., vol. 54 , 645 – 656 . Teshima , E. , Brunetto , M.A. , Vasconcellos , R.S. et al. ( 2010 ). Nutrient digestibility, but not mineral absorption, is age-dependent in cats . J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 94 : e251 – e258 . Toll , P.W. , Richardson , D.C. , Jewell , D.E. et al. ( 1993 ). The effect of feeding method on growth and body composition in young puppies " (abstract). In: Waltham Symposium on the Nutrition of Companion Animals, Abstract Book , (23–25 September), 33 . Adelaide, Australia . Turner , R.G. ( 1934 ). Effect of prolonged feeding of raw carrots on vitamin a content of liver and kidneys of dogs . In: Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol ., vol. 31 , 866 – 868 . Wannemacher , R.W. and McCoy , J.R. ( 1966 ). Determination of optimal dietary protein requirements of young and old dogs . J. Nutr. 88 : 66 – 74 . Washizu , T. , Tanaka , A. , Sako , T. et al. ( 1999 ). Comparison of the activities of enzymes related to glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver of dogs and cats . Res. Vet. Sci. 67 : 203 – 204 . Wichert , B. , Schade , L. , Gebert , S. et al. ( 2009 ). Energy and protein needs of cats for maintenance, gestation and lactation . J. Feline Med. Surg. 11 : 808 – 815 . Wills , J.M. ( 1996 ). Reproduction and lactation . In: Manual of Companion Animal Nutrition & Feeding (ed. N. Kelly and J. Wills ), 47 – 51 . Ames, IA : Iowa State University Press . Wills , J.M. and Morris , J.G. ( 1996 ). Feeding puppies and kittens . In: Manual of Companion Animal Nutrition & Feeding (ed. N. Kelly and J. Wills ), 52 – 61 . Ames, IA : Iowa State University Press . Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition, Second Edition ReferencesRelatedInformation