Risk of Cancer Recurrence in Patients With Immune-Mediated Diseases With Use of Immunosuppressive Therapies: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background & AimsThere are limited data on the safety of immunosuppressive therapy use in individuals with immune-mediated diseases with a history of malignancy, particularly with newer biologic and small-molecule treatments.MethodsWe performed a systematic search of PubMed and Embase databases to identify studies examining the impact of immunosuppressive therapies on cancer recurrence across several immune-mediated diseases. Studies were pooled together using random-effects meta-analysis and stratified by type of treatment. Primary outcome was occurrence of incident cancers, defined as new or recurrent.ResultsOur meta-analysis included 31 studies (17 inflammatory bowel disease, 14 rheumatoid arthritis, 2 psoriasis, and 1 ankylosing spondylitis) contributing 24,328 persons and 85,784 person-years (p-y) of follow-up evaluation. Rates of cancer recurrence were similar among individuals not on immunosuppression (IS) (1627 incident cancers, 43,765 p-y; 35 per 1000 p-y; 95% CI, 27–43), receiving an anti–tumor necrosis factor (571 incident cancers, 17,772 p-y; 32 per 1000 p-y; 95% CI, 25–38), immunomodulators (1104 incident cancers, 17,018 p-y; 46 per 1000 p-y; 95% CI, 31–61), combination immunosuppression (179 incident cancers, 2659 p-y; 56 per 1000 p-y; 95% CI, 31–81). Patients receiving ustekinumab (5 incident cancers, 213 p-y; 21 per 1000 p-y; 95% CI, 0–44) and vedolizumab (37 incident cancers, 1951 p-y; 16 per 1000 p-y; 95% CI, 5–26) had numerically lower rates of cancer. There were no studies on Janus kinase inhibitors. Stratification of studies by timing of immunosuppression initiation did not reveal a medication effect based on early (<5 years) or delayed treatment initiation.ConclusionsIn patients with immune-mediated diseases and a history of malignancy, we observed similar rates of cancer recurrence in those on no immunosuppression compared with different immunosuppressive treatments.Graphical abstract