Development of 3D-bioprinted artificial blood vessels loaded with rapamycin-nanoparticles for ischemic repair

Vascular diseases, including ischemic conditions and restenosis, pose significant challenges in clinical practice. Restenosis, the re-narrowing of blood vessels after interventions such as stent placement, remains a major concern despite advances in medical interventions. Addressing these challenges requires innovative approaches that promote vascular regeneration and prevent restenosis. By leveraging the capabilities of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, artificial blood vessels with lumen can be precisely constructed in customizable sizes, closely mimicking the natural vascular architecture. This approach allows for the incorporation of therapeutic agents and cells to enhance the functionality of the fabricated vessels. In the present study, we investigated the fabrication and characterization of artificial blood vessels using 3D printing technology, with the focus on achieving precise control over the vessel dimensions and architecture to ensure optimal functionality. The use of 3D printing enabled the creation of patient-specific blood vessels with tailored sizes and geometries, providing a personalized solution for vascular treatment. Furthermore, we explored the integration of nanoparticles loaded with therapeutic drugs within the 3D-printed blood vessels. Specifically, rapamycin, a potent drug for preventing restenosis, was encapsulated within the nanoparticles to enable controlled drug release. This approach aimed to address the challenge of restenosis by delivering the drug directly to the affected site and maintaining its therapeutic concentration over an extended period. Additionally, the study investigated the incorporation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which promote re-endothelialization essential for vascular regeneration and long-term vessel functionality, within the artificial blood vessels. The 3D-printed blood vessels provide an ideal environment for the integration and growth of these cells, further enhancing their regenerative potential. By combining 3D printing technology, drug-loaded nanoparticles, and EPCs, this study demonstrated the potential of this approach in fabricating functional artificial blood vessels.