Serum amyloid A aggravates endotoxin‐induced ocular inflammation through the regulation of retinal microglial activation

Abstract Serum amyloid A (SAA) are major acute‐phase response proteins which actively participate in many inflammatory diseases. This study was designed to explore the function of SAA in acute ocular inflammation and the underlying mechanism. We found that SAA3 was upregulated in endotoxin‐induced uveitis (EIU) mouse model, and it was primarily expressed in microglia. Recombinant SAA protein augmented intraocular inflammation in EIU, while the inhibition of Saa3 by siRNA effectively alleviated the inflammatory responses and rescued the retina from EIU‐induced structural and functional damage. Further study showed that the recombinant SAA protein activated microglia, causing characteristic morphological changes and driving them further to pro‐inflammatory status. The downregulation of Saa3 halted the amoeboid change of microglia, reduced the secretion of pro‐inflammatory factors, and increased the expression of tissue‐reparative genes. SAA3 also regulated the autophagic activity of microglial cells. Finally, we showed that the above effect of SAA on microglial cells was at least partially mediated through the expression and signaling of Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4). Collectively, our study suggested that microglial cell‐expressed SAA could be a potential target in treating acute ocular inflammation.