Musculoskeletal mimics for lumbosacral radiculopathy. Part 1: Theoretical considerations

Abstract The diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathy includes the exclusion of common musculoskeletal conditions that can cause similar symptoms. Neurology and physiatry physicians use history taking and physical examination findings to develop a differential diagnosis. Appropriate diagnostic testing is then utilized to narrow down this differential diagnosis to determine a working hypothesis of the cause of a patient's symptoms, leading to a treatment plan. There are stark limitations of patient symptoms and physical examination findings in making the diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathy and added value of a combination of symptoms and signs to distinguish patients with lumbosacral radiculopathy from patients with mimic disorders. Diagnostic tests have variable strengths and limitations in helping to confirm this diagnosis, contrasting the high sensitivity and lower specificity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the high specificity but lower sensitivity of electromyography (EMG). Further complexity is added to the task of making a diagnosis and setting a treatment plan by the fact that these disorders are common and interact with each other; they are present concomitantly in up to 25% of patients presenting for electrodiagnostic evaluation. A companion paper will review common musculoskeletal mimics of lumbosacral radiculopathy and provide tools to anchor testing for those conditions to the traditional neurological evaluation of lumbosacral radiculopathy.