Intestinal organoids and organoids extracellular vesicles for inflammatory bowel disease treatment

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, is characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools, posing a serious threat to human health. Over the past decade, an expanding body of studies has suggested that intestinal organoids and organoids extracellular vesicles (OEVs) play a significant role in IBD treatment. Intestinal organoids have been widely used for intestinal disease modeling, drug development and screening, host-microbe interactions, and gut biology and development. Moreover, intestinal OEVs are promising nanocarriers with significant physiological effects, stable loading capacity, low toxicity, and biological functions, which can participate in a range of physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we provide an overview of species, characteristics, and current treatments of IBD. We then comprehensively introduce the constructions and applications of intestinal organoids in the treatment of IBD. Moreover, we systematically outline the biogenies, structure, composition, internalization, and application of OEVs. Subsequently, we innovatively propose a strategy for the treatment of IBD using OEVs. Finally, we critically discuss the advantages and challenges of current intestinal organoids and OEVs in the treatment of IBD. We hope the comprehensive understanding of intestinal organoids and OEVs will provide innovative solutions to IBD treatment.