Ischaemic stroke despite antiplatelet therapy: Causes and outcomes

Background: Ischaemic stroke may occur despite antiplatelet therapy (APT). We aimed to investigate frequency, potential causes and outcomes in patients with ischaemic stroke despite APT. Methods: In this cohort study, we enrolled patients with imaging-confirmed ischaemic stroke from the Swiss Stroke Registry (01/2014-07/2022). We determined the frequency of prior APT, assessed stroke aetiology (modified TOAST classification) and determined the association of prior APT with unfavourable functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 3–6) and recurrent ischaemic stroke at 3 months using regression models. Results: Among 53,352 patients, 27,484 (51.5%) had no prior antithrombotic treatment, 17,760 (33.3%) were on APT, 7039 (13.2%) on anticoagulation and 1069 (2.0%) were on APT + anticoagulation. In patients with a history of ischaemic stroke/TIA ( n = 11,948; 22.4%), 2401 (20.1%) had no prior antithrombotic therapy, 6594 (55.2%) were on APT, 2489 (20.8%) on anticoagulation and 464 (3.9%) on APT + anticoagulation. Amongst patients with ischaemic stroke despite APT, aetiology was large artery atherosclerosis in 19.8% ( n = 3416), cardiac embolism in 23.6% ( n = 4059), small vessel disease in 11.7% ( n = 2011), other causes in 7.4% ( n = 1267), more than one cause in 6.3% ( n = 1078) and unknown cause in 31.3% ( n = 5388). Prior APT was not independently associated with unfavourable outcome (aOR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.98–1.14; p = 0.135) or death (aOR = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.99–1.21; p = 0.059) at 3-months but with increased odds of recurrent stroke (6.0% vs 4.3%; aOR 1.26; 95% CI: 1.11–1.44; p < 0.001). Conclusions: One-third of ischaemic strokes occurred despite APT and 20% of patients with a history of ischaemic stroke had no antithrombotic therapy when having stroke recurrence. Aetiology of breakthrough strokes despite APT is heterogeneous and these patients are at increased risk of recurrent stroke.