Biomimetic Stimulus Responsiveness: From Materials Design to Device Integration

Abstract Intelligent actuators have attracted intensive attention due to their broad application scenarios, ranging from precision manufacturing and autonomous robotics to adaptive medical devices. Therein, simplifying structure design and streamlining fabrication processes for responsive materials is crucial for achieving multifunctionality in intelligent actuators. Drawing inspiration from nature, diverse stimuli‐responsive materials have been developed, enabling the creation of a broad spectrum of intelligent actuators. Herein, the study aims to provide a systematic overview of smart actuators with different stimuli‐responsive materials based on biomimetic strategies. The study commences by describing typical stimulus‐response organisms in nature, subsequently categorizing nascent stimuli‐responsive materials, and summarizing their respective responsive mechanisms. Potential applications of smart actuators integrated into all‐in‐one systems are presented for grippers, soft robots, and sensors. Finally, the study ends with an advancement summary together with personal insight into current challenges and future directions.