Optimization of HPLC–MS/MS method for determination of antimalarial adulterants in herbal products

化学 甲酸铵 色谱法 甲酸 检出限 蒿甲醚 双氢青蒿素 高效液相色谱法 磺胺多辛 青蒿素 乙胺嘧啶 氯喹 恶性疟原虫 疟疾 生物 免疫学
作者
Christopher Johnson Mwankuna,Feven Kiros,Eliapenda Elisante Mariki,Faith Philemon Mabiki,Hamisi M. Malebo,Robinson H. Mdegela,Bjarne Styrishave
出处
期刊:Analytical Sciences [Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry]
被引量:3
标识
DOI:10.1007/s44211-022-00255-8
摘要

The use of herbal products is booming all over the world because of being believed as safer than conventional drugs and free of side effects. However, there are untrustworthy manufacturers who adulterate herbal products by adding conventional drugs which might eventually lead to microbial resistance and herb-to-drug interactions. There is a need to develop methods for detecting adulterants in herbal products. A high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) method for simultaneous identification and determination of conventional antimalarials (chloroquine, quinine, sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, mefloquine, lumefantrine, amodiaquine, artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, artesunate and artemether) in herbal products was developed. Stable isotopically labelled compounds (artemether-d3, quindine-d3, and sulfadoxine-d3) were used as internal standards (ISs) for quantitative analysis. Extraction of analytes was performed using methanol: water: formic acid (90:10:0.1, v/v) and chromatographic separation was done in a gradient mode using mobile phase A: Ultrapure water containing 0.1% formic acid and 1 mM ammonium formate and mobile phase B: Acetonitrile/methanol (50:50) containing 0.1% formic acid and 1 mM ammonium formate. The calibration curves were linear (r2 ≥ 0.991) over the range of 0.001–0.3 µg mL−1 for all compounds. The limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.002 to 0.02 μg mL−1 while the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.006 to 0.08 μg mL−1. Accuracy, expressed as recovery of spiked herbal products ranged from 52 to 128%. The precision, expressed as percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) at two concentration levels, ranged from 1.0 to 13.8%. The matrix effect expressed as the matrix factor (MF) ranged from 0.77 to 0.97. The developed method was used to identify and quantify conventional antimalarials in herbal product samples from Tanzania. Ten out of 50 herbal products were found to contain amodiaquine, sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, mefloquine, dihydroartemisinin, artemether and lumefantrine. The developed method is considered a valuable tool for getting a better understanding of the adulteration of conventional antimalarials in herbal products.
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