Solvothermal synthesis and applications of micro/nano carbons: A review

Solvothermal method can improve the structural defects and chemical defects of crystal growth by adjusting the factors that affect the crystal growth rate, so as to achieve the purpose of adjusting the crystal morphology, size, pore size, and degree of functionalization. Moreover, solvothermal methods are suitable for the cost-efficient synthesis of micro/nano carbons (M/NCs), such as carbon spheres, carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanosheets, and porous carbons, due to the advantages of low reaction temperature, environmental friendliness, and high yields. In this review, we first provide a brief history and process of solvothermal synthesis. Further, we summarize the solvothermal methods for M/NCs preparation by using various precursors (organic molecules, biomass), at different reaction temperatures, times, and solvents (water and organic solvents). The potential applications of M/NCs in energy, biomedicine, environment, solid state light emission, and photocatalysis are also explained. Finally, solvothermal synthesis M/NCs and M/NCs composite materials are prospected.