Assessment of hydraulic fracture height and distribution using timelapse crosswell shear-wave data

An in-depth study of the impact of hydraulic fracturing operations on the Marcellus shale formation and overburden is presented by analyzing a unique timelapse crosswell seismic survey suitable for four-component shear wave vector rotations in order to study fracture azimuth and intensity. The borehole source used for the survey generated both oriented compressional and shear wave energy, and the seismic acquisition included perpendicular source orientations at each shot level to allow isolation of fast and slow shear modes using the Alford rotation and linear transform technique. Estimates of fast shear azimuth and slow shear time delay before and after hydraulic fracturing indicate fracture creation throughout the overburden above the Marcellus shale and a possible vertical breach of the bounding Tully limestone formation. The magnitude of the timelapse change is consistent between travel-time and slow shear lag inversion, but the absolute change is small, suggesting that the increase in fracture intensity may not be significant. These results point to operational inefficiencies during hydraulic fracturing operations that could negatively impact production and pose risks to future development. The study demonstrates the value of crosswell seismic surveys for reservoir monitoring and highlights observations that might be missed by a monitoring program that does not include timelapse seismic data and analysis of shear wave changes due to hydraulic fracturing.