Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

医学 人口学 预期寿命 入射(几何) 潜在生命损失数年 全球卫生 疾病负担 共病 环境卫生 人口 疾病负担 儿科 公共卫生 精神科 物理 光学 社会学 护理部
作者
Theo Vos,Amanuel Alemu Abajobir,Kalkidan Hassen Abate,Cristiana Abbafati,Kaja Abbas,Foad Abd-Allah,Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader,Abdishakur Abdulle,Teshome Abuka Abebo,Semaw Ferede Abera,Victor Aboyans,Laith J. Abu‐Raddad,Ilana N. Ackerman,Abdu A. Adamu,Olatunji Adetokunboh,Mohsen Afarideh,Ashkan Afshin,Sanjay Agarwal,Rakesh Aggarwal,Anurag Agrawal,Sutapa Agrawal,Hamid Ahmadieh,Muktar Beshir Ahmed,Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour,Amani Nidhal Aichour,Ibtihel Aichour,Sneha Aiyar,Rufus Akinyemi,Nadia Akseer,Faris Lami,Fares Alahdab,Ziyad Al‐Aly,Khurshid Alam,Noore Alam,Shazia Alam,Deena Alasfoor,Kefyalew Addis Alene,Raghib Ali,Reza Alizadeh‐Navaei,Ala’a Alkerwi,François Alla,Peter Allebeck,Christine A. Allen,Fatma Al‐Maskari,Rajaa Al‐Raddadi,Ubai Alsharif,Shirina Alsowaidi,Khalid A Altirkawi,Azmeraw T. Amare,Erfan Amini,Walid Ammar,Yaw Ampem Amoako,Hjalte Holm Andersen,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Palwasha Anwari,Johan Ärnlöv,Al Artaman,Krishna Kumar Aryal,Hamid Asayesh,Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom,Reza Assadi,Tesfay Mehari Atey,Niguse Tadele Atnafu,Sachin Atre,Leticia Ávila‐Burgos,Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokphako,Ashish Awasthi,Umar Bacha,Alaa Badawi,Kalpana Balakrishnan,Amitava Banerjee,Marlena S. Bannick,Aleksandra Barać,Ryan M Barber,Suzanne Barker‐Collo,Till Bärnighausen,Sı́món Barquera,Lars Barregård,Lope H Barrero,Sanjay Basu,Bob Battista,Katherine E. Battle,Bernhard T. Baune,Shahrzad Bazargan‐Hejazi,Justin Beardsley,Neeraj Bedi,Ettore Beghi,Yannick Béjot,Bayu Begashaw Bekele,Michelle L. Bell,Derrick Bennett,Isabela M. Benseñor,Jennifer Benson,Adugnaw Berhane,Derbew Fikadu Berhe,Eduardo Bernabé,Balem Demtsu Betsu,Mircea Beuran,Addisu Shunu Beyene,Neeraj Bhala,Anil Bhansali,Samir Bhatt,Zulfiqar A Bhutta,Sibhatu Biadgilign,Burcu Küçük Biçer,Kelly Bienhoff,Boris Bikbov,Charles Birungi,Stan Biryukov,Donal Bisanzio,Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu,Dube Jara Boneya,Soufiane Boufous,Rupert Bourne,Alexandra Bražinová,Traolach Brugha,Rachelle Buchbinder,Lemma N. Bulto,Blair R Bumgarner,Zahid A Butt,Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado,Ewan Cameron,Mate Car,Hélène Carabin,Jonathan R. Carapetis,Rosario Cárdenas,David O. Carpenter,Juan Jesús Carrero,Austin Carter,Félix Carvalho,Daniel Casey,Valeria Caso,Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela,Chris D Castle,Ferrán Catalá-López,Hsing‐Yi Chang,Jung‐Chen Chang,Fiona J Charlson,Honglei Chen,Mirriam Chibalabala,Chioma Ezinne Chibueze,Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa,Abdulaal Chitheer,Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher,Liliana G Ciobanu,Massimo Círillo,Danny V. Colombara,Cyrus Cooper,Paolo Angelo Cortesi,Michael H Criqui,John A. Crump,Abel Fekadu Dadi,Koustuv Dalal,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,José das Neves,Dragoş Virgil Daviţoiu,Barbora de Courten,Diego De Leo,Barthélémy Kuate Defo,Louisa Degenhardt,Selina Deiparine,Robert P Dellavalle,Kebede Deribe,Don C. Des Jarlais,Subhojit Dey,Samath D Dharmaratne,Preet K. Dhillon,Daniel Dicker,Eric L. Ding,Shirin Djalalinia,Huyen Phuc,E. Ray Dorsey,Kadine Priscila Bender dos Santos,Dirk Douwes‐Schultz,Kerrie E Doyle,Tim Driscoll,Manisha Dubey,Bruce Bartholow Duncan,Ziad El‐Khatib,Jerisha Ellerstrand,Ahmadali Enayati,Aman Yesuf Endries,Sergey Petrovich Ermakov,Holly E Erskine,Babak Eshrati,Sharareh Eskandarieh,Alireza Esteghamati,Kara Estep,Fanuel Belayneh Bekele Fanuel,Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha,André Faro,Farshad Farzadfar,Mir Sohail Fazeli,Valery L. Feigin,Seyed‐Mohammad Fereshtehnejad,João Carlos Fernandes,Alize J Ferrari,Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa,Irina Filip,Florian Fischer,Christina Fitzmaurice,Abraham D Flaxman,Luísa Sório Flor,Nataliya A Foigt,Kyle J Foreman,Richard C. Franklin,Nancy Fullman,Thomas Fürst,João M. Furtado,Neal D. Futran,Emmanuela Gakidou,Morsaleh Ganji,Alberto L. García‐Basteiro,Teshome Gebre,Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot,Ayele Geleto,Bikila Lencha,Hailay Abrha Gesesew,Peter W. Gething,Alireza Ghajar,Katherine B. Gibney,Paramjit Gill,Richard F Gillum,Ibrahim Ginawi,Ababi Zergaw Giref,Melkamu Dedefo Gishu,Giorgia Giussani,William W Godwin,Audra L Gold,Ellen M Goldberg,Philimon Gona,Amador Goodridge,Sameer Vali Gopalani,Atsushi Goto,Alessandra C. Goulart,Max Griswold,H. C. Gugnani,Rahul Gupta,Tarun Gupta,Tanush Gupta,Vipin Gupta,Nima Hafezi‐Nejad,Gessessew Bugssa Hailu,Alemayehu Hailu,Randah R Hamadeh,Samer Hamidi,Alexis J. Handal,Graeme J. Hankey,Sarah Wulf Hanson,Yuantao Hao,Hilda L Harb,Habtamu Abera Hareri,Josep María Haro,James Harvey,Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand,Rasmus Havmoeller,Caitlin Hawley,Simon I Hay,Roderick J. Hay,Nathaniel J Henry,Ileana Heredia-Pi,Julio Montañez Hernandez,Pouria Heydarpour,Hans W. Hoek,Howard J. Hoffman,Nobuyuki Horita,H. Dean Hosgood,Sorin Hostiuc,Peter J. Hotez,Damian G Hoy,Aung Soe Htet,Guoqing Hu,Hsiang Huang,Chantal Huynh,Kim Moesgaard Iburg,Ehimario Igumbor,Chad Ikeda,Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine,Kathryn H. Jacobsen,Nader Jahanmehr,Mihajlo Jakovljević,Simerjot K Jassal,Mehdi Javanbakht,Sudha Jayaraman,Panniyammakal Jeemon,Paul N. Jensen,Vivekanand Jha,Guohong Jiang,Denny John,Sarah Charlotte Johnson,Catherine O. Johnson,Jost B. Jonas,Mikk Jürisson,Zubair Kabir,Rajendra Kadel,Amaha Kahsay,Ritul Kamal,Haidong Kan,Nadim E Karam,André Karch,Corine Karema,Amir Kasaeian,Getachew Mullu Kassa,Nigussie Assefa Kassaw,Nicholas J Kassebaum,Anshul Kastor,Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi,Anil Kaul,Norito Kawakami,Peter Njenga Keiyoro,André Pascal Kengne,Andre Keren,Yousef Khader,Fakher Rahim,Ejaz Ahmad Khan,Young‐Ho Khang,Ardeshir Khosravi,Jagdish Khubchandani,Ali Kiadaliri,Christian Kieling,Young‐Eun Kim,Daniel Kim,Pauline Kim,Ruth W Kimokoti,Yohannes Kinfu,Adnan Kısa,Katarzyna Kissimova‐Skarbek,Mika Kivimäki,Ann Kristin Knudsen,Yoshihiro Kokubo,Dhaval Kolte,Jacek A Kopec,Soewarta Kosen,Parvaiz A Koul,Ai Koyanagi,Michael Kravchenko,Sanjay Krishnaswami,Kristopher J Krohn,G Anil Kumar,Pushpendra Kumar,Sanjiv Kumar,Hmwe Hmwe Kyu,G Anil Kumar,Ratilal Lalloo,Nkurunziza Lambert,Qing Lan,Anders Larsson,Pablo M Lavados,Janet L Leasher,Paul H. Lee,Jong-Tae Lee,James Leigh,Cheru Tesema Leshargie,Janni Leung,Ricky Leung,Miriam Levi,Li Y,Yongmei Li,Darya Li Kappe,Xiaofeng Liang,Misgan Legesse Liben,Stephen S Lim,Shai Linn,Patrick Y Liu,Angela Liu,Fei Liu,Yang Liu,Rakesh Lodha,Giancarlo Logroscino,Stephanie J. London,Kexin Sun,Alan D Lopez,Stefan Lorkowski,Paulo A. Lotufo,Nicola Low,Rafael Lozano,Tim Lucas,Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan,Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek,Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek,Mahdi Mahdavi,Marek Majdán,Reza Majdzadeh,Azeem Majeed,Reza Malekzadeh,Rajesh Malhotra,Déborah Carvalho Malta,Abdullah Al Mamun,Helena Manguerra,Treh Manhertz,Ana Mantilla,LG Mantovani,Chabila C Mapoma,Laurie B. Marczak,José Martínez‐Raga,Francisco Rogerlândio Martins‐Melo,Ira Martopullo,Winfried März,Manu Raj Mathur,Mohsen Mazidi,Colm McAlinden,Madeline McGaughey,John J. McGrath,Martin McKee,Claire R. McNellan,Suresh Mehata,Man Mohan Mehndiratta,Tefera Chane Mekonnen,Peter Memiah,Ziad A. Memish,Walter Mendoza,Mubarek Abera,Desalegn Tadese Mengistu,George A. Mensah,Tuomo J Meretoja,Atte Meretoja,Haftay Berhane Mezgebe,Renata Micha,Anoushka Millear,Ted R. Miller,Edward J Mills,Mojde Mirarefin,Erkin М Мirrakhimov,Awoke Misganaw,Shiva Raj Mishra,Philip B. Mitchell,Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad,Alireza Mohammadi,Kedir Endris Mohammed,Shafiu Mohammed,Sanjay K. Mohanty,Ali H. Mokdad,Sarah K Mollenkopf,Lorenzo Monasta,Marcella Montico,Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh,Paula Moraga,Rintaro Mori,Chloe Morozoff,Shane D. Morrison,Mark Moses,Cliff Mountjoy-Venning,Kalayu Brhane Mruts,Ulrich Müeller,Kate Muller,Michele E Murdoch,Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy,Kamarul Imran Musa,Jean B. Nachega,Gabriele Nagel,Mohsen Naghavi,Aliya Naheed,Kovin Naidoo,Luigi Naldi,Vinay Nangia,Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan,Dumessa Edessa Negasa,Ruxandra Irina Negoi,Ionuţ Negoi,Charles R. Newton,Josephine W Ngunjiri,Trang Huyen Nguyen,Quyen Le Nguyen,Cuong Tat Nguyen,Grant Nguyen,Minh Nguyen,Emma Nichols,Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum,Sandra Nolte,Vuong Minh Nong,Bo Norrving,Jean Jacques Noubiap,Martin O’Donnell,Felix Akpojene Ogbo,In‐Hwan Oh,Anselm Okoro,Olanrewaju Oladimeji,Tinuke O Olagunju,Andrew T Olagunju,Helen Elizabeth Olsen,Bolajoko O. Olusanya,Jacob Olusegun Olusanya,Sok King Ong,John Nelson Opio,Eyal Oren,Alberto Ortíz,Aaron Osgood‐Zimmerman,Majdi Osman,Mayowa Owolabi,P A Mahesh,Rosana Pacella,Adrian Pană,Basant Kumar Panda,Christina Papachristou,Eun‐Kee Park,Charles Parry,Mahboubeh Parsaeian,Scott B. Patten,George Patton,Katherine Paulson,Neil Pearce,David M. Pereira,Norberto Perico,Konrad Pesudovs,Carrie Beth Peterson,Max Petzold,Michael Phillips,David M. Pigott,Julian David Pillay,Christine Pinho,Dietrich Plaß,Martin A Pletcher,Svetlana Popova,Richie Poulton,Farshad Pourmalek,Dorairaj Prabhakaran,Noela M Prasad,Narayan Prasad,Caroline Purcell,Mostafa Qorbani,Reginald Quansah,Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla,Rynaz H S Rabiee,Amir Radfar,Anwar Rafay,Kazem Rahimi,Afarin Rahimi‐Movaghar,Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar,Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman,Mahfuzar Rahman,Rajesh Kumar,Saša Rajšić,Usha Ram,Chhabi Lal Ranabhat,Zane Rankin,Puja C Rao,Paturi Vishnupriya Rao,Salman Rawaf,Sarah E Ray,Robert C. Reiner,Nikolas Reinig,Marissa B Reitsma,Giuseppe Remuzzi,André M. N. Renzaho,Serge Resnikoff,Satar Rezaei,Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro,Luca Ronfani,Gholamreza Roshandel,Gregory A. Roth,Ambuj Roy,Enrico Rubagotti,George Mugambage Ruhago,Soheil Saadat,Nafis Sadat,Mahdi Safdarian,Sare Safi,Saeid Safiri,Rajesh Sagar,Ramesh Sahathevan,Joseph S Salama,Huda Omer Ba Saleem,Joshua A. Salomon,Sundeep Salvi,Abdallah M Samy,Juan Sanabria,Damian Santomauro,Itamar S Santos,João Vasco Santos,Milena M Santric-Milicevic,Benn Sartorius,Maheswar Satpathy,Monika Sawhney,Sonia Saxena,María Inês Schmidt,Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider,Ben Schöttker,David C Schwebel,Falk Schwendicke,Soraya Seedat,Sadaf G Sepanlou,Edson Serván‐Mori,Tesfaye Setegn,Katya Anne Shackelford,Amira Shaheen,Masood Ali Shaikh,Mansour Shamsipour,Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam,Jayendra Sharma,Rajesh Sharma,Jun She,Peilin Shi,Chloe Shields,Girma Temam Shifa,Mika Shigematsu,Yukito Shinohara,Rahman Shiri,Reza Shirkoohi,Shreya Shirude,Kawkab Shishani,Mark G. Shrime,Abla Mehio Sibai,Inga Dóra Sigfúsdóttir,Diego Augusto Santos Silva,João Pedro Silva,Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira,Jasvinder A. Singh,Narinder Pal Singh,Dhirendra Narain Sinha,Eirini Skiadaresi,Vegard Skirbekk,Erica Leigh Slepak,Amber Sligar,David L. Smith,Mari Smith,Badr Hasan Sobaih,Eugène Sobngwi,Reed J D Sorensen,Tatiane Cristina Moraes Sousa,Luciano A. Sposato,Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy,Vinay Srinivasan,Jeffrey D Stanaway,Vasiliki Stathopoulou,Nicholas Steel,Murray B. Stein,Dan J. Stein,Timothy J. Steiner,Caitlyn Steiner,Sabine Steinke,Mark A. Stokes,Lars Jacob Stovner,Bryan Strub,Michelle L Subart,Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan,Bruno Sunguya,Patrick J Sur,Soumya Swaminathan,Bryan L. Sykes,Dillon O Sylte,Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos,Getachew Redae Taffere,Jukka Takala,Nikhil Tandon,Mohammad Tavakkoli,Nuno Taveira,Hugh R. Taylor,Arash Tehrani‐Banihashemi,Tesfalidet Tekelab,Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi,Dawit Tesfaye,Belay Tesssema,Ornwipa Thamsuwan,Katie E Thomas,Amanda G. Thrift,Tenaw Yimer Tiruye,Ruoyan Tobe-Gai,Mette Christophersen Tollånes,Marcello Tonelli,Roman Topór-Mądry,Miguel Tortajada,Mathilde Touvier,Bach Xuan Tran,Surya Kant,Christopher Troeger,Thomas Truelsen,Derrick Tsoi,Kald Beshir Tuem,E. Murat Tuzcu,Stefanos Tyrovolas,Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja,Eduardo A. Undurraga,Chigozie Jesse Uneke,Rachel L Updike,Olalekan A Uthman,Benjamin Uzochukwu,Job F. M. van Boven,Santosh Varughese,Tommi Vasankari,S Venkatesh,Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian,Ramesh Vidavalur,Francesco Saverio Violante,Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov,Vasily Vlassov,Dan J. Stein,Fiseha Wadilo,Tolassa Wakayo,Yuan‐Pang Wang,Marcia R. Weaver,Scott Weichenthal,Elisabete Weiderpass,Robert G Weintraub,Andrea Werdecker,Ronny Westerman,Harvey Whiteford,Tissa Wijeratne,Charles Shey Wiysonge,Charles Wolfe,Rachel Woodbrook,Anthony D. Woolf,Abdulhalik Workicho,Denis Xavier,Gelin Xu,Simon Yadgir,Mohsen Yaghoubi,Bereket Yakob,Lijing L. Yan,Yuichiro Yano,Pengpeng Ye,Hamid Yimam Hassen,Paul Yip,Naohiro Yonemoto,Seok‐Jun Yoon,Marcel Yotebieng,Mustafa Z Younis,Zoubida Zaidi,Maysaa El Sayed Zaki,Elias Asfaw Zegeye,Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe,Xueying Zhang,Maigeng Zhou,Ben Zipkin,Sanjay Zodpey,Liesl Zühlke,Christopher J L Murray
出处
期刊:The Lancet [Elsevier]
卷期号:390 (10100): 1211-1259 被引量:12204
标识
DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32154-2
摘要

Summary

Background

As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016.

Methods

We estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER).

Findings

Globally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40·8–75·9 million [7·2%, 6·0–8·3]), 45·1 million (29·0–62·8 million [5·6%, 4·0–7·2]), 36·3 million (25·3–50·9 million [4·5%, 3·8–5·3]), 34·7 million (23·0–49·6 million [4·3%, 3·5–5·2]), and 34·1 million (23·5–46·0 million [4·2%, 3·2–5·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2·7% (95% UI 2·3–3·1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10·4% (95% UI 9·0–11·8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862–11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018–19 228).

Interpretation

The decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-to-date information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response.

Funding

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health.
最长约 10秒,即可获得该文献文件

科研通智能强力驱动
Strongly Powered by AbleSci AI
更新
大幅提高文件上传限制,最高150M (2024-4-1)

科研通是完全免费的文献互助平台,具备全网最快的应助速度,最高的求助完成率。 对每一个文献求助,科研通都将尽心尽力,给求助人一个满意的交代。
实时播报
顾矜应助孟银行采纳,获得10
1秒前
2秒前
饼干玮玮完成签到 ,获得积分10
5秒前
Smooth_sailing完成签到 ,获得积分10
5秒前
6秒前
7秒前
萧水白应助hnxxangel采纳,获得10
7秒前
天天快乐应助zy采纳,获得30
10秒前
马喽完成签到 ,获得积分10
10秒前
11秒前
aibaa完成签到,获得积分10
11秒前
11秒前
CKJ完成签到,获得积分10
14秒前
Carpe47发布了新的文献求助10
16秒前
16秒前
16秒前
无名老大应助圣泽同学采纳,获得50
17秒前
整齐新儿发布了新的文献求助10
17秒前
19秒前
LCFXR完成签到,获得积分20
19秒前
尊敬的夏槐完成签到,获得积分10
19秒前
20秒前
ydk关闭了ydk文献求助
20秒前
20秒前
Labetalol应助1325850238采纳,获得20
20秒前
21秒前
温柔的吐司完成签到,获得积分10
23秒前
熊猫小肿发布了新的文献求助30
23秒前
WM应助无所吊谓采纳,获得10
24秒前
25秒前
DueR完成签到,获得积分10
25秒前
cedric完成签到,获得积分10
26秒前
26秒前
哈哈发布了新的文献求助10
26秒前
27秒前
小马甲应助LCFXR采纳,获得10
27秒前
科研通AI2S应助瑾瑜采纳,获得10
27秒前
yu发布了新的文献求助10
28秒前
55555发布了新的文献求助30
28秒前
要发核心刊的阿爽完成签到,获得积分10
28秒前
高分求助中
Production Logging: Theoretical and Interpretive Elements 2000
Very-high-order BVD Schemes Using β-variable THINC Method 1200
中国荞麦品种志 1000
BIOLOGY OF NON-CHORDATES 1000
进口的时尚——14世纪东方丝绸与意大利艺术 Imported Fashion:Oriental Silks and Italian Arts in the 14th Century 800
Autoregulatory progressive resistance exercise: linear versus a velocity-based flexible model 550
The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham: Rights, Representation, and Reform: Nonsense upon Stilts and Other Writings on the French Revolution 320
热门求助领域 (近24小时)
化学 医学 生物 材料科学 工程类 有机化学 生物化学 物理 内科学 纳米技术 计算机科学 化学工程 复合材料 基因 遗传学 物理化学 催化作用 细胞生物学 免疫学 冶金
热门帖子
关注 科研通微信公众号,转发送积分 3358577
求助须知:如何正确求助?哪些是违规求助? 2981729
关于积分的说明 8700341
捐赠科研通 2663366
什么是DOI,文献DOI怎么找? 1458452
科研通“疑难数据库(出版商)”最低求助积分说明 675112
邀请新用户注册赠送积分活动 666149