Micropenis and penile dysmorphobia: diagnosis, management, outcomes, and future developments in the field

Micropenis is a congenital or acquired condition where the stretched penile length is less than 7.5 cm in adult males. Congenital causes are commonly due to a dysfunctional hypothalmic-pituitary-gonadal axis and may be treated with medical drugs. Acquired causes include: surgery, malignancy, trauma, infection and burns or due to a primary pathologies such as Peyronie's disease, lichen sclerosis and buried penis. Surgical approaches to treatment include lengthening procedures, girth enhancement and total phalloplasty with or withouta prosthesis. Future developments in this field include possibilities for penile transplantation and tissue engineering techniques. Penile dysmorphobia is a condition in which men have a persistent preoccupation with the physical appearance of their penis believing that the appearance and size of their penis is abnormal or inadequate, despite normal anatomy and size. Treatment revolves around psychological therapies as surgery rarely resolves the problem.