Multi-metal–Organic Frameworks and Their Derived Materials for Li/Na-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries are widely regarded as green energy storage power devices to support the development of modern electronic and information technology systems. Therefore, the design of advanced cathode and anode materials with higher energy and power densities is crucial to satisfy the increasing demand for next-generation high-performance batteries. To address this, researchers have explored metal–organic frameworks that possess extremely large surface areas, uniform ordered pores and controllable functional groups for application in the fields of energy storage, adsorption, catalysis, separation, etc. In addition, multi-metal–organic frameworks (MMOFs) and their derivatives have also been reported to provide better tunability to allow for the control of size, porosity, structure and composition, resulting in enhanced electronic and ion conductivities and richer redox chemistries at desirable potentials. Moreover, the synergistic effects between two or more metal components in MMOFs and their derivatives can accommodate large volume expansions during stepwise Li-/Na-ion insertion and extraction processes to allow for the improvement of structural stability in electrodes as well as enhanced cyclability. Based on all of this, this review will discuss and summarize the most recent progress in the synthesis, electrochemical performance and design of MMOFs and their derivatives. In addition, future trends and prospects in the development of MMOF-based materials and their application as high-performance Li/Na storage electrode materials are presented. Recent advances in multi-metal–organic frameworks and their derived materials for applications in lithium-/sodium-ion batteries are summarized and critically discussed.