Uma representação literária da construção da identidade nacional no México: o caso de Juan Rulfo / A literary representation of the making of the national identity in Mexico: the case of Juan Rulfo

No livro de contos Chao em chamas (1953) e no romance Pedro Paramo (1955), o escritor mexicano Juan Rulfo (1917-1986) foi capaz de escapar do enquadramento narrativo tipico das chamadas novelas de la revolucion, que abarcam escritores como Martin Luis Guzman, Mariano Azuela, Jose Ruben Romero, Federico Gamboa, Jose Revueltas, Agostin Yanez, entre outros, que produziram obras marcadas pelos conflitos revolucionarios e que se constituiram em critica social. Rulfo, ao mesmo tempo que produz sua critica social, nao se preocupa exclusivamente com a Revolucao. Suas personagens, apesar de inseridas no Mexico revolucionario, sao construcoes simbolicas relacionadas a determinada condicao humana, a de individuos desprovidos da assistencia do Estado, das condicoes minimas de sobrevivencia e, sobretudo, de esperancas. Assim, pode-se identificar em Rulfo um escritor menos colado em sua realidade imediata, ainda que esta seja essencial para a composicao de sua obra, e mais voltado para questoes relativas ao ser humano. Palavras-chave: Juan Rulfo; Historia e ficcao; Historia da America; Literatura mexicana; Revolucao Mexicana. A literary representation of the making of the national identity in Mexico: the case of Juan Rulfo Abstract: In the short stories The burning plain and other stories (1953) and in the novel Pedro Paramo (1955), the Mexican writer Juan Rulfo (1917-1986) was able to escape from the typical framework of the so called novelas de la revolucion, which cover writers such as Martin Luis Guzman, Mariano Azuela, Jose Ruben Romero, Federico Gamboa, Jose Revueltas, Agostin Yanez, among others, who have also produced works influenced by the revolutionary conflicts and that have turned out to be a social critic. Rulfo, at the same time that produces his social critic, is not worried exclusively with the Revolution. His characters, despite of living in the revolutionary Mexico, are symbolic constructions that refer to a certain human condition, the one of the living beings devoid of State assistance, of minimal conditions of surviving and, above all, of hopes. Thus, one can identify in Rulfo a writer less attached to his immediate reality, although it is essential to the composition of his work, than to issues regarding the human being condition. Keywords: Juan Rulfo; History and fiction; History of America; Mexican literature; Mexican Revolution.