Game optimization for photovoltaic microgrid group and the shared energy storage operator considering energy storage frequency modulation–cost loss and source–load uncertainty

The high uncertainty of power generation in photovoltaic microgrids and the high cost of energy storage allocation limit the development of photovoltaic microgrids. Therefore, this study proposes a trading strategy mechanism for multiple photovoltaic microgrids (PMs) and shared energy storage operator (SESO) based on the Stackelberg game. The trading mechanism fully considers the loss cost of shared energy storage operation, the benefits of participating in the frequency regulation auxiliary service market, and the demand response characteristics of photovoltaic microgrids. Then, a source–load uncertainty risk model is constructed based on the information intermittent decision theory, which is improved by the confidence interval fuzzy set. Finally, a distributed combinatorial algorithm using mixed integer linear programming with an improved multiverse algorithm is used for the solution. The results show that introducing SESO effectively reduces all the operating costs of PMs, and the daily operational benefits of SESO reach 8774.56 yuan. Second, the frequency modulation (FM) performance score of the energy storage device is improved by 14.45%. The proposed game optimization model not only achieves a win-win situation for multiple players but also broadens the physical function of shared energy storage participating in FM service and realizes the risk preference regulation of operating players.