Evaluation of spatial performance and supply-demand ratios of urban underground space based on POI data: A case study of Shanghai

Master planning of urban underground space (UUS) is essential to guide orderly utilization of UUS. POI (point of interest) data from online maps provide a new data source for UUS research. This study proposed a simple framework to evaluate UUS development levels based on POI data. Evaluation methods of UUS spatial performance and development demand were established separately and then applied to the calculation of UUS supply-demand ratios of 217 sub-districts in Shanghai. The results showed that Huaihaizhonglu Sub-district achieved both the highest spatial performance and development demand values. The majority of the sub-districts with high or medium high performance values were situated in the central urban area. By comparison, the sub-districts with extremely low spatial performance clustered in the southern suburb and on Chongming Island. By means of Natural Breaks (Jenks) method, the sub-districts of oversupplied and undersupplied UUS development were figured out and then classified into five types to propose corresponding development strategies for future UUS utilization. The evaluation framework and results can give insights for more scientific and rational compilation of UUS master planning, especially for the metropolitan cities with a huge amount of developed UUS.