Transcriptome-centric approach to the derivation of adverse outcome pathway networks of vascular dysfunction after long-term low-level exposure of human endothelial cells to dibutyl phthalate

Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is an endocrine disruptor that adversely affects reproduction; however, evidence suggests it can also impact other systems, including vascular function. The mechanisms underlying DBP-induced vascular dysfunction, particularly after long-term low-level exposure of endothelial cells to this phthalate, remain largely unknown. To address this gap, we used experimentally derived data on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained after 12 weeks of exposure of human vascular endothelial cells EA.hy926 to the concentrations of DBP to which humans are routinely exposed (10