Study on the role of MYCN in retinoblastoma by inhibiting p53 and activating wnt/βcatenin/Fra‐1 signaling pathway by reducing DKK3

Abstract Retinoblastoma (RB) is a pediatric malignancy, typically diagnosed at birth or during early childhood. The pathogenesis of RB is marked by the amplification of the Basic Helix–Loop–Helix (BHLH) Transcription Factor MYCN, which serves as a transcriptional regulator capable of binding to Dickkopf 3 (DKK3). However, the precise role of DKK3 in the malignant progression of RB cells caused by MYCN remains elusive. In the present study, the expression of MYCN was either overexpressed or interfered in RB cells. Subsequently, the expression level of DKK3 was assessed through quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Cell proliferation was evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit‐8 assay and 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine staining, while cell cycle progression and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry and western blot analysis, respectively. Additionally, the expression of proteins involved in the Wnt/β‐catenin/Fra‐1/p53 signaling pathway was evaluated via western blot analysis. To gain further insights, Wnt agonists and the P53 inhibitor PFT‐α were introduced into exploration. The current investigation revealed a negative correlation between the expression levels of MYCN and DKK3 in RB cells. Additionally, DKK3 overexpression inhibited cell proliferation, promoted cell apoptosis, and arrested cell cycle in RB cells with high expression of MYCN. Moreover, enhanced DKK3 expression inhibited proliferation, promoted cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of RB cells by modulating the wnt/βcatenin/Fra‐1/p53 signaling pathway. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed that overexpression of DKK3 inhibits the growth of RB tumors. Collectively, our findings elucidate that MYCN stimulates the Wnt/β‐catenin/Fra‐1 pathway by suppressing DKK3 expression, ultimately suppressing p53 activity and contributing to malignant progression of RB.