Customizing the water-scarce, zinc ion-rich Helmholtz plane of a zinc anode for Ah-scale Zn metal batteries

By constructing a hydrogel film doped with an ionic liquid on a Zn anode, a water-scarce inner Helmholtz plane and a Zn ion-enriched outer Helmholtz plane is developed, which effectively enables a stable zinc anode for Ah-scale Zn metal batteries.