High-Intensity Interval Training, but Not Whole-Body Cryostimulation, Affects Bone-Mechanosensing Markers and Induces the Expression of Differentiation Markers in Osteoblasts Cultured with Sera from Overweight-to-Obese Subjects

Although there have been some clinical observations made, the mechanistic effects on bone metabolism of whole-body cryostimulation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), either alone or in combination, are still debated. Here, we have investigated their effects on circulating osteo-immune and bone metabolic markers (osteopontin, osteocalcin, sclerostin, dikkopf-related protein 1, and fibroblast-growth factor 23) and their potential effects on osteoblast differentiation and function,