Associations of Prenatal Exposure to Individual and Mixed Organophosphate Esters with ADHD Symptom Trajectories in Preschool Children: The Modifying Effects of Maternal Vitamin D

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a class of environmental chemicals with endocrine-disrupting properties. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that prenatal OPEs exposure is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. However, studies assessing the effects of prenatal OPEs exposure on the dynamic changes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in preschoolers are scarce. Since vitamin D has been demonstrated to have a "neuroprotective" effect, the modifying effects of maternal vitamin D were estimated.