Optical and Conduction Mechanism Study of Lead-Free CsMnCl3 Perovskite

Perovskite research is increasingly focused on lead-free, all-inorganic single crystals due to their lower biological toxicity and greater material stability. While lead-based perovskites show promise, their environmental and health risks are concerning. Lead-free alternatives provide a safer, more sustainable option with enhanced durability for practical applications. Nevertheless, this paper presents a structural, optical, and conduction study of lead-free CsMnCl3 perovskite. The material was prepared using slow evaporation method, the obtained compound crystallizes in a hexagonal system with the space group R-3m. The absorption spectrum of CsMnCl3 is analyzed, and the band gap is estimated to be 4.56 eV. The electrical study is crucial for the identification of the allows us to classify CsMnCl3 as a semiconductor, with conductivity increasing with temperature, as expected. The temperature-dependent electrical conductivity (dc) reveals a transition from semiconductor to metallic behavior at 383 K and from metallic to semiconductor behavior at 403 K. The study of the conductivity in the semiconductor phase indicates that above 383 K, the conductivity of CsMnCl3 is governed by a single polaron hopping, and that below 403 K. In summary the comprehensive study of the structural, optical, and electrical properties of CsMnCl3 provides valuable insights into its semiconductor characteristics and charge transport mechanisms, highlighting its potential for sustainable and environmentally friendly applications.