Injectable Radiopaque Hyaluronic Acid Granular Hydrogels for Intervertebral Disc Repair

Abstract Injectable hydrogels offer minimally‐invasive treatment options for degenerative disc disease, a prevalent condition affecting millions annually. Many hydrogels explored for intervertebral disc (IVD) repair suffer from weak mechanical integrity, migration issues, and expulsion. To overcome these limitations, an injectable and radiopaque hyaluronic acid granular hydrogel is developed. The granular structure provides easy injectability and low extrusion forces, while the radiopacity enables direct visualization during injection into the disc and non‐invasive monitoring after injection. The radiopaque granular hydrogel is injected into rabbit disc explants to investigate restoration of healthy disc mechanics following needle puncture injury ex vivo and then delivered in a minimally‐invasive manner into the intradiscal space in a clinically‐relevant in vivo large animal goat model of IVD degeneration initiated through degradation by chondroitinase. The radiopaque granular hydrogel successfully halted loss of disc height due to degeneration. Further, the hydrogel not only enhanced proteoglycan content and reduced collagen content in the nucleus pulposus (NP) region compared to degenerative discs, but also helped to maintain the structural integrity of the disc and promote healthy segregation of the NP and annulus fibrosus regions. Overall, this study demonstrates the great potential of an injectable radiopaque granular hydrogel for treatment of degenerative disc disease.