In Situ Surface Sulfidation of CsPbI3 for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Inverted CsPbI3 commonly exhibits a more p-type surface than bulk, which induces severe interfacial recombination and, thus, limits the device's Voc and efficiency in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a gradual CsPbI3/PbS heterojunction is constructed to inhibit such recombination through in situ chemical sulfidation with N,N′-diphenylthiourea (DPhTA). DPhTA can directly react with CsPbI3 to form PbS and induce a p- to n-type transition at the CsPbI3 surface, which leads to the energy level bending downward and establishing a gradual CsPbI3/PbS heterojunction at the top of the surface region. PSCs with DPhTA exhibit a high Voc of 1.20 V and reach over 20% efficiency (stabilized efficiency of 19.5%), which is among the highest efficiencies of inverted CsPbI3 PSCs. In addition, the strong Pb–S bond and well-matched crystal lattice of PbS will protect and stabilize the CsPbI3 layer beneath, thereby greatly improving the device's stability. Resulting PSCs retain over 95% of the initial efficiency whether after maximum power point (MPP) tracking for 1200 h or N2 storage for 300 days.