TiZrHfNb refractory high-entropy alloys with twinning-induced plasticity

The twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effect has been widely utilized in austenite steels, β-Ti alloys, and recently developed face-centered-cubic (FCC) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) to simultaneously enhance the tensile strength and ductility. In this study, for the first time, the TWIP effect through hierarchical {332<113> mechanical twinning has been successfully engineered into the TiZrHfNb refractory HEAs by decreasing temperature and tailoring the content of Nb to destabilize the BCC phase. At cryogenic temperature, the comprehensive hierarchical {332}<113> mechanical twins are activated in TiZrHfNb0.5 alloy from micro- to nanoscale and progressively segment the BCC grains into nano-scale islands during deformation, ensuring sustainable strain hardening capability and eventually achieving a substantial 35% uniform tensile elongation. In addition, at 77 K, the tensile strength and uniform elongation of TiZrHfNbx alloys can further be adjusted by a moderate increase of Nb. The results above shed new light on the development of high-performance refractory HEAs with a high and adjustable strength and ductility combination down to the cryogenic temperature.