Orthodontic force measurement methods for clear aligners—A review

Currently, the predictive value of invisible orthodontic treatment outcomes is low due to the reliance on clinical experience for evaluating the orthodontic forces of clear aligners and their complex biomechanical properties. Therefore, accurate measurement of the force/moment exerted by clear aligners are critical for developing orthodontic treatment plans. In recent years, researchers have developed various orthodontic simulation force measurement systems for clear aligners, which are divided into two categories: finite element analysis and experimental methods. However, direct measurement of three-dimensional orthodontic forces in the intraoral environment has not yet been achieved. This study aimed to review current mechanical measurement systems for clear aligners and to identify solutions for measuring orthodontic forces at different locations in multidimensional space, which is essential for developing a perfect orthodontic treatment plan and improving treatment efficiency.