Electrochemical and thermal modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review of coupled approaches for improved thermal performance and safety lithium-ion batteries

The global lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) market has grown substantially, particularly in the automotive, smartphone, and aerospace sectors. This expansion aims to significantly reduce the environmental carbon footprint caused by human activities. However, the development of lithium-ion batteries has been accompanied by extensive research focused on enhancing thermal performance and ensuring safe operation under various conditions. Consequently, a significant number of researchers in this field are dedicated to achieving precise temperature control in LIBs as a long-term objective. Yet, to accurately define and quantify uniform or non-uniform temperature distribution within LIBs, it is imperative to create and assess coupled electrochemical-thermal models of the battery cells. These models must effectively integrate both temperature-related aspects. In this study, we offer a comprehensive overview of electrochemical modeling in LIBs, including an in-depth description of the governing electrochemical model that dictates the internal reactions of the batteries. Furthermore, we summarize critical thermal models for LIBs and their applicability in analyses spanning zero, one, two, and three dimensions. The battery thermal energy balance, Lumped Battery Analysis, and Simplified Heat Generation models are thoroughly examined. Moreover, we delve into the methodologies employed during the construction of these models and the intricate process of coupling electrochemical and thermal models to attain precise temperature predictions and management for LIB applications. This comprehensive approach enhances our understanding of the pivotal link between lithium-ion batteries' thermal and electrochemical behaviors, enabling the quantification and prediction of safer operational parameters for these systems.