Single-Molecule Exchange inside a Nanocage Provides Insights into the Origin of π–π Interactions

The attractive interactions between aromatic rings, also known as π–π interactions, have been widely used for decades. However, the origin of π–π interactions remains controversial due to the difficulties in experimentally measuring the weak interactions between π-systems. Here, we construct an elaborate system to accurately compare the strength of the π–π interactions between phenylalanine derivatives via molecular exchange processes inside a protein nanopore. Based on quantitative comparison of binding strength, we find that in most cases, the π–π interaction is primarily driven by dispersive attraction, with the electrostatic interaction playing a secondary role and tending to be repulsive. However, in cases where electronic effects are particularly strong, electrostatic induction may exceed dispersion forces to become the primary driving force for interactions between π-systems. The results of this study not only deepen our understanding of π-stacking but also have potential implications in areas where π–π interactions play a crucial role.