Risk predictors of glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract Objectives To conduct systematic evaluation of the risk predictors of glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods Cohort studies on risk predictors of glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes were retrieved from CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase databases, etc. from the construction of the repository to 3 February 2023. Literature screening was conducted according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, then data extraction of region, sample size, age, follow‐up time, risk predictors, outcome indicators, etc., and quality evaluation of The Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale were conducted by two researchers while the third researcher makes decisions if there are disagreements. Finally, Revman5.4 and StataMP17 were used for meta‐analysis. Results A total of 29 studies were included, and the results showed that insulin pump [Weighed mean difference (WMD) = −.48, 95% CI (−.73, −.24), p < .01], high‐frequency sensor monitoring, early use of insulin pumps, prospective follow‐up male, white race, large body mass index‐standardised scoring, conscientiousness, agreeableness of mothers, eicosapentaenoic acid, leucine and protein ( p < .05) were beneficial for reducing HbA1c levels in children and adolescents with diabetes. Ketoacidosis [WMD = .39, 95% CI (.28, .50), p < .01], selective admission, higher HbA1c level at one time ( p < .01), higher glutamate decarboxylase antibody at 1 month after diagnosis, lower socio‐economic status, non‐living with biological parents, non‐two‐parent family, family disorder, family history of diabetes and high carbohydrate intake ( p < .05) increased HbA1c levels in children and adolescents with diabetes. Conclusion For children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus, the use of insulin pump, high‐frequency sensor monitoring, prospective follow‐up, good family support and reasonable diet are conducive to blood glucose control, while selective admission and DKA are not. Disease characteristics and demographic characteristics of children are closely related to subsequent blood glucose control, and the relationship between diagnosis age and blood glucose control needs to be further explored.