Molecular mechanisms underlying cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and the potential ameliorative effects of essential oils: A comprehensive review

Since the Middle Ages, essential oils (EO) have been widely used for bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, insecticidal, medicinal and cosmetic applications, nowadays in pharmaceutical, agricultural and food industries. Recently, EO have emerged as promising adjuvant therapies to mitigate the toxicities induced by anti - cancerous drugs; among them cisplatin induced renal damage amelioration remain remarkable. Cisplatin (cis-diaminedichloroplatinum II, CDDP) is renowned as one of the most effective anti-neoplastic agents, widely used as a broad-spectrum anti-tumor agent for various solid tumors. However, its clinical use is hampered by several side effects, notably nephrotoxicity and acute kidney injury, which arise from the accumulation of CDDP in the proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs). To better understand and analyze the molecular mechanisms of CDDP-induced renal damage, it is crucial to investigate potential interventions to protect against cisplatin-mediated nephrotoxicity. These EO have shown the ability to counteract oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, prevent apoptosis, and exert estrogenic effects, all contributing to renal protection. In this review, we have made an effort to summarize the molecular mechanisms and exploring new interventions by which we can pave the way for safer and more effective cancer management in the future.