Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Therapeutics

Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (W-TENGs), which feature light weight, high voltage output, relatively low current output, and biocompatibility, allow continuous, noninvasive, and personalized therapy on the human body for drug delivery, muscle stimulation, tissue regeneration, and assistive physical therapy. Advances in materials innovation and device designs have optimized the functions, wearability, stability, and therapeutic effect of triboelectric nanogenerators. Clinical applications that combine W-TENGs and the internet of things are expected to redefine the paradigm of healthcare and promote revolutions in therapeutic interventions. Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (W-TENGs) have triggered considerable attention in light of their broad and diverse biomedical applications, from biomonitoring to therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the use of W-TENGs for self-powered/self-administered therapeutic interventions, classifying them on the basis of materials chemistry, working mechanism, and advanced device design. Specifically, we discuss the use of various W-TENG-based devices in drug delivery, muscle stimulation, tissue regeneration, and assistive therapy. We end the review by discussing academic and industrial trends for W-TENGs in the future of therapeutic devices. This review showcases the significant potential of W-TENGs as an emerging technological platform that will permeate many medical fields. Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (W-TENGs) have triggered considerable attention in light of their broad and diverse biomedical applications, from biomonitoring to therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the use of W-TENGs for self-powered/self-administered therapeutic interventions, classifying them on the basis of materials chemistry, working mechanism, and advanced device design. Specifically, we discuss the use of various W-TENG-based devices in drug delivery, muscle stimulation, tissue regeneration, and assistive therapy. We end the review by discussing academic and industrial trends for W-TENGs in the future of therapeutic devices. This review showcases the significant potential of W-TENGs as an emerging technological platform that will permeate many medical fields. a microbiology technique in which a high-voltage electrical pulse is applied to cells to generate pores and increase the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing therapeutic agents to be introduced into the cell. redistribution of electric charge in a material caused by the influence of nearby charges. a process of transdermal drug delivery enhanced by an externally applied electric field on the skin. Drug molecules are transported using electrophoresis and electroosmosis and the electric field can also increase the permeability of the skin. a personalized, predictive, preventative, and participatory healthcare model with a focus on disease prevention and health promotion different from the current reactive and disease-centric healthcare system. a material becomes electrically charged after being separated from a different material with which it was in contact.