A review on advancements, challenges, and prospective of copper and non-copper based thin-film solar cells using facile spray pyrolysis technique

The indispensability and innovations in thin-film-based solar cells are gaining attention among researchers due to their tremendous growth as a sustainable energy source. The development of solar cells instigates in the 19th century after confirming usable electrical energy from sunlight. Currently, the solar cell holds a replaceable position in many applications. Solar cells stand as an easier way to use the enormous source of renewable energy. This review addresses the exceptional physicochemical properties of thin-film materials deposited via spray pyrolysis technique, followed by its effective use in solar cell applications. The study rolled over the various generations of solar cells and discoursed the relevant approaches in the field in detail. As the review proceeds, the copper and non-copper thin film-based discussion took the way and explained its advancements, pros, and cons in photovoltaics. Finally, the review elucidates the recent proceedings, the impending scopes, and the recycling of thin-film based Photovoltaics. Succinctly, the investigation visualizes the state of photovoltaics and persuading further research in this field.