Two-dimensional (2D) materials are crystalline solids consisting of a single layer or a few layers of atoms. Since the isolation of graphene in 2004, a tremendous amount of research has shown that 2D materials have numerous applications in electronics, photonics, and optoelectronics at the nanoscale. This feature issue is aimed at scientists, engineers and practitioners interested in understanding the novel physical phenomena found in 2D materials and exploring their potential applications. Within this context, this feature issue presents a review and thirteen articles on the latest developments in the research area of 2D materials.