Numerical assessment of external sulfate attack in concrete structures. A review

The slow progress of the external sulfate attack and the large size and criticality of typical structures affected by this phenomenon establish numerical modeling as a key tool to assess the future evolution of concrete structures exposed to sulfate-rich environments. The present review examines a selection of the most relevant numerical models developed during the last two decades to identify and explain the principles and simulation approaches commonly adopted. Assumptions associated with each approach are described to fully disclose the limitations and capabilities of each model. Guidance on model selection is provided based on the outcomes required. Finally, major areas holding significant potential to improve the reliability of the predictions are identified and discussed.