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Copper–NHC complexes in catalysis

化学 卡宾 磷化氢 催化作用 位阻效应 反应性(心理学) 卤化物 配位复合体 氢化物 氢氧化物 阳离子聚合 药物化学 配体(生物化学) 配位场理论 同音 有机化学 金属 替代医学 受体 离子 病理 医学 生物化学
作者
Faïma Lazreg,Fady Nahra,Catherine S. J. Cazin
出处
期刊:Coordination Chemistry Reviews [Elsevier BV]
卷期号:293-294: 48-79 被引量:238
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.ccr.2014.12.019
摘要

Abstract Although the chemistry of copper has a long history [1a-d] , the relatively recent discovery of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) as transition-metal supporting ligands has permitted novel vistas to be explored in copper reactivity and catalysis [1e,f] . Shortly after the seminal discovery of Arduengo, Raubenheimer reported a neutral copper carbene complex [1] , [2] . However, the field remained dormant for almost ten years. In the early 2000s, new breakthroughs were achieved: first, the synthesis of NHC–copper using Cu2O was reported by Danopoulos and followed by the first application in catalysis by Woodward [3] , [4] . The work by Buchwald and Sadighi appeared next, where the first catalysis using a well-defined complex was described [5] . The first reports in this field were based on systems used to mimic their phosphine relatives. NHCs have become ligands of significant interest due to their steric and electronic properties [6] , [7] , [8] . Combining the NHC ligand family and copper became, for some, an obvious and productive area [6] . Over the last decade alone, numerous systems have been developed. Copper–NHC complexes can be divided into two major classes: neutral mono-NHC and cationic bis-NHC derivatives: [Cu(X)(NHC)] [9] (X = halide, acetate, hydroxide, hydride, etc.) and [Cu(NHC)(L)][Y] (L = NHC or PR3; Y = PF6, BF4) [10] . The neutral-halide-bearing complexes have been widely used in catalysis, mainly due to their ease of synthesis [9] . In addition to halide-bearing complexes, notable important related compounds have been reported: Nolan and co-workers disclosed the first hydroxide derivative [Cu(OH)(IPr)] (IPr = N,N’-bis(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) and Sadighi published alkoxides, hydrides and borate species, which permitted novel reactivity to be explored [9g-i] . With respect to cationic derivatives, homoleptic and heteroleptic bis-NHC complexes have been reported and have been efficiently used in catalysis allowing important improvements [10] . In this review, an overview of the two classes and their respective catalytic performance will be presented.
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