A critical review on human internal exposure of phthalate metabolites and the associated health risks

邻苯二甲酸盐 生物监测 邻苯二甲酸二乙酯 内照射剂量 摄入 尿 吸入染毒 增塑剂 环境卫生 暴露评估 环境化学 人类健康 毒理 吸入 医学 化学 生物 有机化学 内分泌学 解剖 医学物理学
作者
Senyuan Huang,Zenghua Qi,Shengtao Ma,Guiying Li,Chaoyang Long,Yingxin Yu
出处
期刊:Environmental Pollution [Elsevier]
卷期号:279: 116941-116941 被引量:111
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116941
摘要

Phthalates (PAEs) are popular synthetic chemicals used as plasticizers and solvents for various products, such as polyvinyl chloride or personal care products. Human exposure to PAEs is associated with various diseases, resulting in PAE biomonitoring in humans. Inhalation, dietary ingestion, and dermal absorption are the major human exposure routes. However, estimating the actual exposure dose of PAEs via an external route is difficult. As a result, estimation by internal exposure has become the popular analytical methods to determine the concentrations of phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) in human matrices (such as urine, serum, breast milk, hair, and nails). The various exposure sources and patterns result in different composition profiles of PAEs in biomatrices, which vary from country to country. Nevertheless, the mPAEs of diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are predominant in the urine. These mPAEs have greater potential health risks for humans. Children have been observed to exhibit higher exposure risks to several mPAEs than adults. Besides age, other influencing factors for phthalate exposure are gender, jobs, and residential areas. Although many studies have reported biological monitoring of PAEs, only a few reviews that adequately summarized the reports are available. The current review appraised available studies on mPAE quantitation in human biomatrices and estimated the dose and health risks of phthalate exposure. While some countries lack biomonitoring data, some countries' data do not reflect the current PAE exposure. Thence, future studies should involve frequent PAE biomonitoring to accurately estimate human exposure to PAEs, which will contribute to health risk assessments of human exposure to PAEs. Such would aid the formulation of corresponding regulations and restrictions by the government.
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