Extracellular Matrix‐Based Conductive Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels with Enhanced Neurovascular Regeneration Properties for Diabetic Wounds Repair

The critical effects that impair diabetic wound healing are characterized by poor vascularization and severe peripheral neuropathy. Current management strategies for diabetic wound healing are unsatisfactory, due to the paucity of neurovascular regeneration at the wound site. Importantly, conductivity in skin tissue is reported to be essential for modulating myriad biological processes especially vascular and nerve regeneration. Herein, an extracellular matrix (ECM)-based conductive dressing is synthesized from an interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel composed of gelatin methacryloyl, oxidized chondroitin sulfate (OCS), and OCS-polypyrrole conductive nanoparticles that can promote diabetic wound repairing by enhancing local neurovascular regeneration. The conductive hydrogels combine the advantageous features of water-swollen hydrogels with conductive polymers (CPs) to provide tissue-matching electrical conductivity and mechanical properties for neurovascular regeneration. In vitro and in vivo studies show that the conductive hydrogel can promote neurovascular regeneration by increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentration, which subsequently promotes phosphorylation of proteins in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. Furthermore, the conductive hydrogel stimulates full-thickness diabetic wound repair on day 14 by promoting local neurovascular regeneration and collagen deposition. These findings corroborate that the ECM-based conductive interpenetrating network hydrogel dressing significantly promotes wound repairing due to its neurovascular regeneration properties, suggesting that they are suitable candidates for diabetic wound repair.