Influence of Auxiliary Ligands on the Photophysical Characteristics of a Series of Ruthenium(II)–Polypyridyl Complexes

A series of ruthenium-polypyridyl complexes were studied using UV/vis absorption and luminescence spectroscopy as well as luminescence lifetime determination by time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC). The complexes were characterized with regard to the variation in the electronic band gap as a result of the sequential variation of the auxiliary ligand 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), and 2,2'-biquinoline (biq) ligands while the main ligand remained constant for three different main ligand types. Luminescence yields were calculated and correlated with structural and electronic variation. It was found that both the absorption and emission characteristics could be tailored through the systematic variation of the reduction potential of the individual auxiliary ligand. This was shown to be the case regardless of the functional group at the end of the main ligand. Stokes shift and Raman spectroscopy were employed as a means to gauge the effect of ligand change on the conjugation and vibrational characteristics of the complexes. Luminescence yield and lifetimes were also shown to be well-defined with regards to systematic structure variations. The well-defined trends established elucidate the effect which variation of auxiliary ligands has on the electronic and excited state characteristics of the ruthenium-polypyridyl systems. These well-defined relationships can potentially be extended to optimize luminescence yield and lifetimes and therefore suitability of such compounds for the application in for example photodynamic therapy.