Collagen Hydroxylases and the Protein Disulfide Isomerase Subunit of Prolyl 4‐Hydroxylases

Introduction Occurrence and Functions of 4-Hydroxyproline, 3-Hydroxyproline, and Hydroxylysine in Animal Proteins General Molecular Properties of Collagen Hydroxylases Intracellular Sites of Hydroxylation Peptide Substrates Cosubstrates and Reaction Mechanisms Inhibitors and Inactivators: Potentials for the Development of Antifibrotic Drugs Detailed Structures of the Catalytically Important α Subunits of Prolyl 4-Hydroxylases Detailed Structure and Functions of the Multifunctional Protein Disulfide Isomerase/β Subunit Polypeptide Detailed Structure of the Subunit of Lysyl Hydroxylase Mutations in the Gene for Lysyl Hydroxylase in the Type VI Variant of the Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Regulation of Collagen Hydroxylase Activities