Resilience Processes in Context

Abstract This article considers resilience as a multiplicity of psychological characteristics that are shaped by the ecological interplay of relational, social, and cultural contexts. Bronfenbrenner's (1979) person-process-context model of human development is examined in terms of its implications for research and for both micro- and macro-level interventions. Attention is given to "the first context" and to the role of early attachment in the cultivation of resilient functioning. Attachment theory and research are reviewed. Themes are extracted from this research to suggest how psychotherapy with trauma survivors can mobilize the resilient capacities of trauma survivors and function as a reparative context. Implications of an ecological perspective and attachment theory and research for national and community-level interventions are considered.