Failure Mechanism and Interface Engineering for NASICON-Structured All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries

All-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLiMB) have been considered as one of the most promising next-generation high-energy storage systems that replace liquid organic electrolytes by solid-state electrolytes (SSE). Among many different types of SSE, NASICON-structured Li1+xAlxGe2–x(PO3)4 (LAGP) shows high a ionic conductivity, high stability against moisture, and wide working electrochemical windows. However, it is unstable when it is in contact with molten Li, hence largely limiting its applications in ASSLiMB. To solve this issue, we have studied reaction processes and mechanisms between LAGP and molten Li, based on which a failure mechanism is hence proposed. With better understanding the failure mechanism, a thin thermosetting Li salt polymer, P(AA-co-MA)Li, layer is coated on the bare LAGP pellet before contacting with molten Li. To further increase the ionic conductivity of P(AA-co-MA)Li, LiCl is added in P(AA-co-MA)Li. A symmetric cell of Li/interface/LAGP/interface/Li is prepared using molten Li–Sn alloy and galvanically cycled at current densities of 15, 30, and 70 μA cm–2 for 100 cycles, showing stable low overpotentials of 0.036, 0.105, and 0.257 V, respectively. These electrochemical results demonstrate that the interface coating of P(AA-co-MA)Li can be an effective method to avoid an interfacial reaction between the LAGP electrolyte and molten Li.