A review of the adsorption method for norfloxacin reduction from aqueous media

Norfloxacin (NRFX) is one of a class of antibiotics known as broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is frequently used to treat infectious disorders in both animals and humans. NRFX is considered an emergent pharmaceutical contaminate. This review's objective is to evaluate empirical data on NRFX's removal from aqueous medium. The environmental danger of NRFX in the aquatic environment was validated by an initial ecotoxicological study. Graphene oxide/Metal Organic Framework (MOF) based composite, followed by Magnesium oxide/Chitosan/Graphene oxide composite gave the highest NRFX adsorption capacities (Qmax) of 1114.8 and 1000 mg/g, respectively. The main adsorption mechanisms for NRFX uptake include electrostatic interactions, H-bonds, π-π interactions, electron donor-acceptor interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and pore diffusion. The adsorptive uptake of NRFX were most suitably described by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order implying adsorbate-to-adsorbent electron transfer on a monolayer surface. The thermodynamics of NRFX uptake is heavily dependent on the makeup of the adsorbent, and the selection of the eluent for desorption from the solid phase is equally important. There were detected knowledge gaps in column studies and adsorbent disposal method. There's great interest in scale-up and industrial applications of research results that will aid in management of water resources for sustainability.