Recent advances in two-dimensional nanomaterials for bone tissue engineering

Over the last decades, bone tissue engineering has increasingly become a research focus in the field of biomedical engineering, in which biomaterials play an important role because they can provide both biomechanical support and osteogenic microenvironment in the process of bone regeneration. Among these biomaterials, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have recently attracted considerable interest owing to their fantastic physicochemical and biological properties including great biocompatibility, excellent osteogenic capability, large specific surface area, and outstanding drug loading capacity. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art advances in 2D nanomaterials for bone tissue engineering. Firstly, we introduce the most explored biomaterials used in bone tissue engineering and their advantages. We then highlight the advances of cutting-edge 2D nanomaterials such as graphene and its derivatives, layered double hydroxides, black phosphorus, transition metal dichalcogenides, montmorillonite, hexagonal boron nitride, graphite phase carbon nitride, and transition metal carbonitrides (MXenes) used in bone tissue engineering. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of 2D nanomaterials for bone tissue regeneration in process of clinical translation are discussed.