GLP-1, GIP, and Glucagon Agonists for Obesity Treatment: A Hunger Perspective

Abstract For centuries, increasingly sophisticated methods and approaches have been brought to bear to promote weight loss. Second, only to the Holy Grail of research on aging, the idea of finding a single and simple way to lose weight has long preoccupied the minds of layman. and scientists alike. The effects of obesity are far-reaching and not to be minimized; the need for more effective treatments is obvious. Is there a single silver bullet that addresses this issue without effort on the part of the individual? The answer to this question has been one of the most elusive and sought-after in modern history. Now and then, a miraculous discovery propagates the illusion that a simple solution is possible. Now, there are designer drugs that seem to accomplish the task: we can lose weight without effort using mono-, dual-, and triple agonists of receptors for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and glucagon. There are, however, fundamental biological principles that raise intriguing questions about these therapies beyond the currently reported side effects. This perspective reflects upon these issues from the angle of complex goal-oriented behaviors, and systemic and cellular metabolism associated with satiety and hunger.