Effectiveness of interventions for informal caregivers of community‐dwelling frail older adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract Aim Systematic reviews on interventions for informal caregivers of community‐dwelling frail older adults were published over a decade ago and they mistook frailty for other severe age‐related conditions like disability and dementia. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically synthesize these interventions supporting these caregivers identified by an acknowledged frailty assessment instrument and to examine their effectiveness on caregiver‐related outcomes. Design Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Data Sources Fourteen electronic databases, grey literature and reference lists were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐randomized controlled trials (NRCTs) from inception to November 3, 2023. Methods Methodology quality and risk of bias were assessed. Data were meta‐analysed using the Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis, version 3.0. Studies and outcomes unsuitable for meta‐analysis were summarized by narrative syntheses. Results Four studies consisting of three RCTs and one NRCT were included involving 350 participants. Interventions for caregivers of frail older adults included multicomponent interventions ( n = 3) and education intervention ( n = 1). Interventions had a moderate effect on reducing depression and showed nonsignificant effects on caregiver burden, caregiving time or quality of life (QoL). The PEDro scores for RCTs ranged from 6 to 8, indicating good methodologic quality, but were all judged as high risk of bias. The NRCT reported all methodologic aspects and was at low risk of bias. Conclusions Few studies focus on interventions targeting caregivers of frail older adults, and their effectiveness may vary by outcomes. This review suggested the potential benefits of these interventions in reducing caregivers' depression. Impact The differential effectiveness by outcomes and high risk of bias of studies implicate that more rigorous studies are warranted.