永久冻土
热岩溶
环境科学
坍落
北极的
冻土带
雪
融水
气溶胶
大气科学
环境化学
水文学(农业)
地质学
海洋学
气象学
化学
地貌学
岩土工程
物理
作者
Kevin R. Barry,Thomas C. J. Hill,Kathryn A. Moore,Thomas A. Douglas,Sonia M. Kreidenweis,Paul J. DeMott,Jessie M. Creamean
标识
DOI:10.1021/acs.est.2c06530
摘要
Permafrost underlies approximately a quarter of the Northern Hemisphere and is changing amidst a warming climate. Thawed permafrost can enter water bodies through top-down thaw, thermokarst erosion, and slumping. Recent work revealed that permafrost contains ice-nucleating particles (INPs) with concentrations comparable to midlatitude topsoil. These INPs may impact the surface energy budget of the Arctic by affecting mixed-phase clouds, if emitted into the atmosphere. In two 3-4-week experiments, we placed 30,000- and 1000-year-old ice-rich silt permafrost in a tank with artificial freshwater and monitored aerosol INP emissions and water INP concentrations as the water's salinity and temperature were varied to mimic aging and transport of thawed material into seawater. We also tracked aerosol and water INP composition through thermal treatments and peroxide digestions and bacterial community composition with DNA sequencing. We found that the older permafrost produced the highest and most stable airborne INP concentrations, with levels comparable to desert dust when normalized to particle surface area. Both samples showed that the transfer of INPs to air persisted during simulated transport to the ocean, demonstrating a potential to influence the Arctic INP budget. This suggests an urgent need for quantifying permafrost INP sources and airborne emission mechanisms in climate models.
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