Speciation atlas of polyoxometalates in aqueous solutions

Speciation is the key parameter in solution chemistry that describes the composition, concentration, and oxidation state of each chemical form of an element present in a sample. The speciation study of complex polyatomic ions has remained challenging because of the large number of factors affecting stability and the limited number of direct methods. To address these challenges, we developed the speciation atlas of 10 polyoxometalates commonly used in catalytic and biological applications in aqueous solutions, where the speciation atlas provides both a species distribution database and a predictive model for other polyoxometalates to be used. Compiled for six different polyoxometalate archetypes with three types of addenda ions based on 1309 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra under 54 different conditions, the atlas has revealed a previously unknown behavior of polyoxometalates that may account for their potency as biological agents and catalysts. The atlas is intended to promote the interdisciplinary use of metal oxides in various scientific fields.