Interpreting the chemical changes and therapeutic effect of Coptidis Rhizoma against ulcerative colitis before and after processing based on mathematical statistics and network pharmacology

Abstract Introduction Coptidis Rhizoma (CR) is one of the most frequently used herbs to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) and is often processed before usage. However, the composition changes and therapeutic effects of CR before and after processing in the treatment of UC are still unclear. Objective The purpose of the study is to explore the chemical components and therapeutic effects of crude and processed CR. Material and methods CR was processed according to the 2020 version of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and multivariate statistical analysis were used to screen the different compounds before and after processing. The network pharmacological prediction was carried out. The mechanism and therapeutic effects between crude and processed CR were verified by using dextran sulphate sodium‐induced UC mice assay. Results Ten compounds distinguish crude and processed CR based on multivariate statistical analysis. Network pharmacology predicts that the 10 compounds mainly play a role through TNF‐α and IL‐6 targets and PI3K/Akt and HIF‐1 signalling pathways, and these results are verified by molecular biology experiments. For IL‐6, IL‐10 and TNF‐α inflammatory factors, CR is not effective, while CR stir‐fried with Evodiae Fructus (CRFE) and ginger juice (CRGJ) are. For PI3K/p‐Akt, Cleaved caspase3, NF‐ κBp65 and HIF‐1α signalling pathways, CR has therapeutic effects, while CRFE and CRGJ are significant. Conclusion Overall, CRFE and CRGJ show better effects in treating UC. The chemical changes of processing and the efficacy of processed CR are correlated, which provides a scientific basis for the clinical use of crude and processed CR.