Recent studies on the comprehensive application of biochar in multiple environmental fields

Multiple environmental pollution appears along with the development of industry and has become a hot issue that needs to be dealt with and solved. Among various remediation materials, a green renewable resource biochars were rapidly developed and widely used because of their low cost, excellent performance and eco-friendly characteristics. Based on this, this work detailedly discussed the whole process, including precursor collection, and preparation, modification, application and evaluation of biochar combined with the latest developments. Different from the previous summary studies that simply listed the composition and content of biochar, the future development direction and challenges are prospected in detail. Aims to overcome the shortcoming of few comprehensive studies on biochar, and the reaction process and mechanism of water and soil were revealed separately according to different pollution systems and own characteristics. This work reviewed the development of preparation and modification methods of biochar in recent years, the versatility and effects of biochar in water and soil applications, and then summarized the mechanisms between biochar and polluting media (organic and inorganic pollutants) as well as environmental benefits and economic evaluation of biochar. Furthermore, the existing main challenges and future development trends are discussed in detail. This comprehensive review of biochar is expected to provide new insights for achieving carbon neutrality and sustainable development in the environmental field.